Depression and Parkinson's disease: a Chicken-Egg story

Ashok Chakraborty; Anil Diwan; Ashok Chakraborty; Anil Diwan

doi:10.3934/Neuroscience.2022027

AIMS Neuroscience

2022, Volume 9, Issue 4: 479-490. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2022027

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Depression and Parkinson's disease: a Chicken-Egg story

Running title:Running Title: Parkinson's disease and Depression follow each other

Ashok Chakraborty ^,,
Anil Diwan

AllExcel, Inc. Shelton, CT, USA

Received: 26 May 2022 Revised: 07 November 2022 Accepted: 11 November 2022 Published: 23 November 2022

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, however, besides the motor symptoms, such as rest tremor, hypokinesia, postural instability and rigidity, PD patients have also non-motor symptoms, namely neuropsychiatric disorders. Apart from the required motor symptoms, psychopathological symptoms are very common and include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, hallucinations, psychosis, cognitive deterioration and dementia. The underlying pathophysiological process in PD is mainly due to the loss of dopaminergic neural cells and thereby causes the shortage of nigrostriatal dopamine content in them. In addition, it may involve other neurotransmitter systems such as the noradrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic and noradrenergic systems as well. Depression can result from any unhealthy conditions making the diagnosis a challenging task. The manifestation of depression associated with or without PD is inadequate. The co-occurrence of depression and PD often leads to the conceptual discussion on whether depressive symptoms appear before or after PD develops. This paper will discuss the conceptual mechanism of PD and depression. Keep in mind both conditions belong to two separate entities but share some similar aspects in their pathophysiology.
- Parkinson's disease,
- depression,
- neuro degeneration,
- Aetiology,
- Dopamine
Citation: Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan. Depression and Parkinson's disease: a Chicken-Egg story[J]. AIMS Neuroscience, 2022, 9(4): 479-490. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2022027

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Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, however, besides the motor symptoms, such as rest tremor, hypokinesia, postural instability and rigidity, PD patients have also non-motor symptoms, namely neuropsychiatric disorders. Apart from the required motor symptoms, psychopathological symptoms are very common and include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, hallucinations, psychosis, cognitive deterioration and dementia. The underlying pathophysiological process in PD is mainly due to the loss of dopaminergic neural cells and thereby causes the shortage of nigrostriatal dopamine content in them. In addition, it may involve other neurotransmitter systems such as the noradrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic and noradrenergic systems as well. Depression can result from any unhealthy conditions making the diagnosis a challenging task. The manifestation of depression associated with or without PD is inadequate. The co-occurrence of depression and PD often leads to the conceptual discussion on whether depressive symptoms appear before or after PD develops. This paper will discuss the conceptual mechanism of PD and depression. Keep in mind both conditions belong to two separate entities but share some similar aspects in their pathophysiology.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge all our colleagues and secretaries for their help during the preparation of the manuscript and providing all the relevant information. Thanks are due to Ms. Bethany Pond, a Chemist at AllExcel, Inc. for the English corrections.

Author contributions

Both of the authors contributed equally to preparing this article, reading and approving the final manuscript.

Conflict of interest

Both of the authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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