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AIMS Neuroscience

2022, Volume 9, Issue 3: 345-357. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2022019
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Research article

The patterns of facial fractures in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients using ordinal regression: a retrospective study of five years

  • 1.
    School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
  • 2.
    Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Medical Campus, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
  • 3.
    Institute of Strategic Industrial Decision Modelling (ISIDM), School of Quantitative Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, 06010, Kedah, Malaysia
  • 4.
    Faculty of Informatics and Computing, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
  • Received: 08 February 2022 Revised: 21 June 2022 Accepted: 18 July 2022 Published: 26 July 2022

  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traumatic brain injury (TBI) will mainly contribute to disability and death by 2020. Facial fractures associated with TBI are a significant public health concern worldwide. The main etiological factors are road traffic accidents, violence, and falls. Neurological injury associated with facial fractures has been reported to be as high as 76%. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated facial fracture patterns in patients with a traumatic brain injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia and evaluated their associations in our study. Ordinal regression was used to examine the facial fracture patterns in patients with traumatic brain injuries. The confounding variables were controlled using ordinal regression analysis, and probabilities of p < 0.1 were considered significant associations. The results found that zygomatic arch fracture −1.141 (95% CI, −2.487 to 0.204, p-value = 0.096), Le Fort II fracture −1.080 (95% CI, −2.138 to −0.022, p-value = 0.045), maxillary bone fracture 2.924 (95% CI, 1.784 to 4.063, p-value .001), nasal bone fracture 4.047 (95% CI, 1.243 to 6.851, p-value = 0.005), and mandibular bone fracture 1.501 (95% CI, 0.711 to 2.291, p-value .001) were the most common facial fracture types associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study provides valuable data for creating prevention plans and gives a chance to discover the epidemiology, prevalence, and connection between TBI and facial fracture.

    Citation: Mohamad Arif Awang Nawi, Nor Farid Mohd Noor, Ramizu Shaari, Ameera Kamal Khaleel, Muhamamd Amirul Mat Lazin, Ibrahim Mohammed Sulaiman, Mustafa Mamat. The patterns of facial fractures in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients using ordinal regression: a retrospective study of five years[J]. AIMS Neuroscience, 2022, 9(3): 345-357. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2022019

    Related Papers:

  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traumatic brain injury (TBI) will mainly contribute to disability and death by 2020. Facial fractures associated with TBI are a significant public health concern worldwide. The main etiological factors are road traffic accidents, violence, and falls. Neurological injury associated with facial fractures has been reported to be as high as 76%. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated facial fracture patterns in patients with a traumatic brain injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia and evaluated their associations in our study. Ordinal regression was used to examine the facial fracture patterns in patients with traumatic brain injuries. The confounding variables were controlled using ordinal regression analysis, and probabilities of p < 0.1 were considered significant associations. The results found that zygomatic arch fracture −1.141 (95% CI, −2.487 to 0.204, p-value = 0.096), Le Fort II fracture −1.080 (95% CI, −2.138 to −0.022, p-value = 0.045), maxillary bone fracture 2.924 (95% CI, 1.784 to 4.063, p-value .001), nasal bone fracture 4.047 (95% CI, 1.243 to 6.851, p-value = 0.005), and mandibular bone fracture 1.501 (95% CI, 0.711 to 2.291, p-value .001) were the most common facial fracture types associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study provides valuable data for creating prevention plans and gives a chance to discover the epidemiology, prevalence, and connection between TBI and facial fracture.


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    Acknowledgments


    We would like to acknowledge Nurul Husna Mustapa and Fu Ju Jie for their appreciated support and involved with data collection at the medical record unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian Kelantan, Malaysia. This work was supported by the Short-Term Grant, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Grant Number: 304/PPSG/6315410.

    Ethical approval


    Permission was obtained from the Director of USM Hospital to view the patient's medical records. The ethical committee of USM approved the application Code: USM/JEPeM/19010030.

    Institutional review board statement


    Permission was obtained from the Director of USM Hospital to view the patient's medical records. The ethical committee of USM approved the application Code: USM/JEPeM/19010030.

    Data availability statement


    The data supporting the reported results can be found with the medical record unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian Kelantan, Malaysia.

    Conflicts of interest


    The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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