Mechanosensitive ion channels

Ken Takahashi; Yusuke Matsuda; Keiji Naruse; Ken Takahashi; Yusuke Matsuda; Keiji Naruse

doi:10.3934/biophy.2016.1.63

AIMS Biophysics

2016, Volume 3, Issue 1: 63-74. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2016.1.63

Previous Article Next Article

Review Special Issues

Mechanosensitive ion channels

Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

Received: 21 August 2015 Accepted: 11 January 2016 Published: 20 January 2016

Cell surface receptors are involved in numerous important biological processes including embryogenesis, tissue differentiation, and cellular homeostasis. Among them, mechanosensitive ion channels play an essential role in cellular functions of every cell including neurons, cardiomyocytes, and osteocytes. Here, we discuss types, roles, structures, and biophysical factors that affect the functions of mechanosensitive ion channels.

Keywords:

Citation: Ken Takahashi, Yusuke Matsuda, Keiji Naruse. Mechanosensitive ion channels[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2016, 3(1): 63-74. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2016.1.63

Related Papers:

[1]	Valentina Contrò, John R. Basile, Patrizia Proia . Sex steroid hormone receptors, their ligands, and nuclear and non-nuclear pathways. AIMS Molecular Science, 2015, 2(3): 294-310. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2015.3.294
[2]	William M. Scovell, Sachindra R. Joshi . The changing paradigm: estrogen receptor α recognition on DNA and within the dynamic nature of nucleosomes. AIMS Molecular Science, 2015, 2(2): 48-63. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2015.2.48
[3]	Nataša Čerekovic, Palmiro Poltronieri . Plant signaling pathways activating defence response and interfering mechanisms by pathogen effectors, protein decoys and bodyguards. AIMS Molecular Science, 2017, 4(3): 370-388. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2017.3.370
[4]	Laura Serna . Crosstalk among hormones and signaling networks during stomatal development in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. AIMS Molecular Science, 2016, 3(4): 550-559. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2016.4.550
[5]	Karen E. Livermore, Jennifer Munkley, David J. Elliott . Androgen receptor and prostate cancer. AIMS Molecular Science, 2016, 3(2): 280-299. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2016.2.280
[6]	Maria Kristina Parr, Anna Müller-Schöll . Pharmacology of doping agents—mechanisms promoting muscle hypertrophy. AIMS Molecular Science, 2018, 5(2): 131-159. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2018.2.131
[7]	Kenji Chiba, Yasuhiro Maeda, Noriyasu Seki, Hirotoshi Kataoka, Kunio Sugahara . Role of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and effects of fingolimod, an S1P receptor 1 functional antagonist in lymphocyte circulation and autoimmune diseases. AIMS Molecular Science, 2014, 1(4): 162-182. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2014.4.162
[8]	Carson C. Chow, Karen M. Ong, Benjamin Kagan, S. Stoney Simons Jr. . Theory of partial agonist activity of steroid hormones. AIMS Molecular Science, 2015, 2(2): 101-123. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2015.2.101
[9]	Margarethe Draga, Martin Scaal, Felicitas Pröls . Signaling filopodia in avian embryogenesis: formation and function. AIMS Molecular Science, 2016, 3(4): 683-691. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2016.4.683
[10]	Geovanni Alberto Ruiz-Romero, Carolina Álvarez-Delgado . Effects of estrogens in mitochondria: An approach to type 2 diabetes. AIMS Molecular Science, 2024, 11(1): 72-98. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2024006

Abstract

References

[1]	Yu FX, Zhao B, Panupinthu N, et al. (2012) Regulation of the Hippo-YAP pathway by G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. Cell 150: 780–791. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.037
[2]	Yu FX, Guan KL (2013) The Hippo pathway: regulators and regulations. Genes Dev 27: 355–371. doi: 10.1101/gad.210773.112
[3]	Lee A, Fakler B, Kaczmarek LK, et al. (2014) More than a pore: ion channel signaling complexes. J Neurosci 34: 15159–15169. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3275-14.2014
[4]	Asuthkar S, Elustondo PA, Demirkhanyan L, et al. (2015) The TRPM8 protein is a testosterone receptor: I. Biochemical evidence for direct TRPM8-testosterone interactions. J Biol Chem 290: 2659–2669.
[5]	Changeux JP (2012) The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: the founding father of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. J Biol Chem 287: 40207–40215. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R112.407668
[6]	Elliott WJ, Ram CV (2011) Calcium channel blockers. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 13: 687–689. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00513.x
[7]	Grigg P (1986) Biophysical studies of mechanoreceptors. J Appl Physiol (1985) 60: 1107–1115.
[8]	Kung C (2005) A possible unifying principle for mechanosensation. Nature 436: 647–654. doi: 10.1038/nature03896
[9]	O'Neil RG, Heller S (2005) The mechanosensitive nature of TRPV channels. Pflugers Arch 451: 193–203. doi: 10.1007/s00424-005-1424-4
[10]	Woo SH, Ranade S, Weyer AD, et al. (2014) Piezo2 is required for Merkel-cell mechanotransduction. Nature 509: 622–626. doi: 10.1038/nature13251
[11]	Baumgarten CM, Clemo HF (2003) Swelling-activated chloride channels in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 82: 25–42. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6107(03)00003-8
[12]	Tyler WJ (2012) The mechanobiology of brain function. Nat Rev Neurosci 13: 867–878.
[13]	Takahashi K, Kakimoto Y, Toda K, et al. (2013) Mechanobiology in cardiac physiology and diseases. J Cell Mol Med 17: 225–232. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12027
[14]	Bett GC, Sachs F (2000) Whole-cell mechanosensitive currents in rat ventricular myocytes activated by direct stimulation. J Membr Biol 173: 255–263. doi: 10.1007/s002320001024
[15]	Song S, Yamamura A, Yamamura H, et al. (2014) Flow shear stress enhances intracellular Ca2+ signaling in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 307: C373–383. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00115.2014
[16]	Lansman JB, Franco-Obregon A (2006) Mechanosensitive ion channels in skeletal muscle: a link in the membrane pathology of muscular dystrophy. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 33: 649–656. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04393.x
[17]	Nauli SM, Alenghat FJ, Luo Y, et al. (2003) Polycystins 1 and 2 mediate mechanosensation in the primary cilium of kidney cells. Nat Genet 33: 129–137. doi: 10.1038/ng1076
[18]	Chen YF, Chen YT, Chiu WT, et al. (2013) Remodeling of calcium signaling in tumor progression. J Biomed Sci 20: 23. doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-23
[19]	Hardie RC, Franze K (2012) Photomechanical responses in Drosophila photoreceptors. Science 338: 260–263. doi: 10.1126/science.1222376
[20]	Corey DP, Garcia-Anoveros J, Holt JR, et al. (2004) TRPA1 is a candidate for the mechanosensitive transduction channel of vertebrate hair cells. Nature 432: 723–730. doi: 10.1038/nature03066
[21]	Ito H, Aizawa N, Sugiyama R, et al. (2015) Functional role of the TRPM8 ion channel in the urinary bladder assessed by conscious cystometry and ex vivo measurements of single-unit mechanosensitive bladder afferent activities in the rat. BJU Int.
[22]	Jin Y, Li J, Wang Y, et al. (2015) Functional role of mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 in human periodontal ligament cells. Angle Orthod 85: 87–94. doi: 10.2319/123113-955.1
[23]	Inoue R, Jian Z, Kawarabayashi Y (2009) Mechanosensitive TRP channels in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Pharmacol Ther 123: 371–385. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.05.009
[24]	Davidson RM, Tatakis DW, Auerbach AL (1990) Multiple forms of mechanosensitive ion channels in osteoblast-like cells. Pflugers Arch 416: 646–651. doi: 10.1007/BF00370609
[25]	Mienville J, Barker JL, Lange GD (1996) Mechanosensitive properties of BK channels from embryonic rat neuroepithelium. J Membr Biol 153: 211–216. doi: 10.1007/s002329900124
[26]	Farrugia G, Holm AN, Rich A, et al. (1999) A mechanosensitive calcium channel in human intestinal smooth muscle cells. Gastroenterology 117: 900–905. doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70349-5
[27]	Vilceanu D, Stucky CL (2010) TRPA1 Mediates Mechanical Currents in the Plasma Membrane of Mouse Sensory Neurons. Plos One 5: e12177. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012177
[28]	Tsutsumi T, Kajiya H, Fukawa T, et al. (2013) The potential role of transient receptor potential type A1 as a mechanoreceptor in human periodontal ligament cells. Eur J Oral Sci 121: 538–544. doi: 10.1111/eos.12083
[29]	Cao DS, Zhong L, Hsieh TH, et al. (2012) Expression of Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and Its Role in Insulin Release from Rat Pancreatic Beta Cells. Plos One 7: e38005. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038005
[30]	Story GM, Peier AM, Reeve AJ, et al. (2003) ANKTM1, a TRP-like channel expressed in nociceptive neurons, is activated by cold temperatures. Cell 112: 819–829. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00158-2
[31]	Brierley SM, Hughes PA, Page AJ, et al. (2009) The ion channel TRPA1 is required for normal mechanosensation and is modulated by algesic stimuli. Gastroenterology 137: 2084–2095 e2083. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.048
[32]	Seth M, Zhang ZS, Mao L, et al. (2009) TRPC1 channels are critical for hypertrophic signaling in the heart. Circ Res 105: 1023–1030. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.206581
[33]	Shenton FC, Pyner S (2014) Expression of transient receptor potential channels TRPC1 and TRPV4 in venoatrial endocardium of the rat heart. Neuroscience 267: 195–204. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.047
[34]	Kerstein PC, Jacques-Fricke BT, Rengifo J, et al. (2013) Mechanosensitive TRPC1 channels promote calpain proteolysis of talin to regulate spinal axon outgrowth. J Neurosci 33: 273–285. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2142-12.2013
[35]	Fabian A, Fortmann T, Dieterich P, et al. (2008) TRPC1 channels regulate directionality of migrating cells. Pflugers Arch 457: 475–484. doi: 10.1007/s00424-008-0515-4
[36]	Quick K, Zhao J, Eijkelkamp N, et al. (2012) TRPC3 and TRPC6 are essential for normal mechanotransduction in subsets of sensory neurons and cochlear hair cells. Open Biol 2: 120068. doi: 10.1098/rsob.120068
[37]	Anderson M, Kim EY, Hagmann H, et al. (2013) Opposing effects of podocin on the gating of podocyte TRPC6 channels evoked by membrane stretch or diacylglycerol. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 305: C276–289. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00095.2013
[38]	Mene P, Punzo G, Pirozzi N (2013) TRP channels as therapeutic targets in kidney disease and hypertension. Curr Top Med Chem 13: 386–397. doi: 10.2174/1568026611313030013
[39]	Kellenberger S, Schild L (2002) Epithelial sodium channel/degenerin family of ion channels: a variety of functions for a shared structure. Physiol Rev 82: 735–767. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2002
[40]	Kim EC, Choi SK, Lim M, et al. (2013) Role of endogenous ENaC and TRP channels in the myogenic response of rat posterior cerebral arteries. PLoS One 8: e84194. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084194
[41]	Cuajungco MP, Grimm C, Heller S (2007) TRP channels as candidates for hearing and balance abnormalities in vertebrates. Biochim Biophys Acta 1772: 1022–1027. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.01.002
[42]	Heidenreich M, Lechner SG, Vardanyan V, et al. (2012) KCNQ4 K(+) channels tune mechanoreceptors for normal touch sensation in mouse and man. Nat Neurosci 15: 138–145.
[43]	Beyder A, Rae JL, Bernard CE, et al. (2010) Mechanosensitivity of Nav1.5, a voltage-sensitive sodium channel. J Physiol.
[44]	Wang JA, Lin W, Morris T, et al. (2009) Membrane trauma and Na+ leak from Nav1.6 channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 297: C823–834. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00505.2008
[45]	Bodi I, Mikala G, Koch SE, et al. (2005) The L-type calcium channel in the heart: the beat goes on. J Clin Invest 115: 3306–3317. doi: 10.1172/JCI27167
[46]	Lyford GL, Strege PR, Shepard A, et al. (2002) alpha(1C) (Ca(v)1.2) L-type calcium channel mediates mechanosensitive calcium regulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 283: C1001–C1008.
[47]	Just S, Heppelmann B (2003) Voltage-gated calcium channels may be involved in the regulation of the mechanosensitivity of slowly conducting knee joint afferents in rat. Exp Brain Res 150: 379–384.
[48]	Guinamard R, Chatelier A, Demion M, et al. (2004) Functional characterization of a Ca(2+)-activated non-selective cation channel in human atrial cardiomyocytes. J Physiol 558: 75–83. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063974
[49]	Demion M, Thireau J, Gueffier M, et al. (2014) Trpm4 gene invalidation leads to cardiac hypertrophy and electrophysiological alterations. PLoS One 9: e115256. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115256
[50]	Kruse M, Schulze-Bahr E, Corfield V, et al. (2009) Impaired endocytosis of the ion channel TRPM4 is associated with human progressive familial heart block type I. J Clin Invest 119: 2737–2744. doi: 10.1172/JCI38292
[51]	Sah R, Mesirca P, Van den Boogert M, et al. (2013) Ion channel-kinase TRPM7 is required for maintaining cardiac automaticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: E3037–3046. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1311865110
[52]	Du J, Xie J, Zhang Z, et al. (2010) TRPM7-mediated Ca2+ signals confer fibrogenesis in human atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 106: 992–1003. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.206771
[53]	Domes K, Patrucco E, Loga F, et al. (2015) Murine cardiac growth, TRPC channels, and cGMP kinase I. Pflugers Arch 467: 2229–2234. doi: 10.1007/s00424-014-1682-0
[54]	Seo K, Rainer PP, Shalkey Hahn V, et al. (2014) Combined TRPC3 and TRPC6 blockade by selective small-molecule or genetic deletion inhibits pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111: 1551–1556. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308963111
[55]	Senatore S, Rami RV, Semeriva M, et al. (2010) Response to Mechanical Stress Is Mediated by the TRPA Channel Painless in the Drosophila Heart. PLoS Genet 6: e1001088. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001088
[56]	Skerry TM, Suva LJ (2003) Investigation of the regulation of bone mass by mechanical loading: from quantitative cytochemistry to gene array. Cell Biochem Funct 21: 223–229. doi: 10.1002/cbf.1077
[57]	Carmeliet G, Vico L, Bouillon R (2001) Space flight: a challenge for normal bone homeostasis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 11: 131–144.
[58]	Robling AG (2012) The interaction of biological factors with mechanical signals in bone adaptation: recent developments. Curr Osteoporos Rep 10: 126–131. doi: 10.1007/s11914-012-0099-y
[59]	Everaerts W, Nilius B, Owsianik G (2010) The vanilloid transient receptor potential channel TRPV4: from structure to disease. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 103: 2–17. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2009.10.002
[60]	Rezzonico R, Cayatte C, Bourget-Ponzio I, et al. (2003) Focal adhesion kinase pp125FAK interacts with the large conductance calcium-activated hSlo potassium channel in human osteoblasts: potential role in mechanotransduction. J Bone Miner Res 18: 1863–1871. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.10.1863
[61]	Winter LC, Walboomers XF, Bumgardner JD, et al. (2003) Intermittent versus continuous stretching effects on osteoblast-like cells in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 67: 1269–1275.
[62]	Nishimura G, Lausch E, Savarirayan R, et al. (2012) TRPV4-associated skeletal dysplasias. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 160C: 190–204. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31335
[63]	Mizoguchi F, Mizuno A, Hayata T, et al. (2008) Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 deficiency suppresses unloading-induced bone loss. J Cell Physiol 216: 47–53. doi: 10.1002/jcp.21374
[64]	Suzuki T, Notomi T, Miyajima D, et al. (2013) Osteoblastic differentiation enhances expression of TRPV4 that is required for calcium oscillation induced by mechanical force. Bone 54: 172–178. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.001
[65]	Xiao E, Yang HQ, Gan YH, et al. (2015) Brief reports: TRPM7 Senses mechanical stimulation inducing osteogenesis in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 33: 615–621. doi: 10.1002/stem.1858
[66]	Perozo E, Cortes DM, Sompornpisut P, et al. (2002) Open channel structure of MscL and the gating mechanism of mechanosensitive channels. Nature 418: 942–948. doi: 10.1038/nature00992
[67]	Gullingsrud J, Kosztin D, Schulten K (2001) Structural determinants of MscL gating studied by molecular dynamics simulations. Biophys J 80: 2074–2081.
[68]	Sukharev SI, Sigurdson WJ, Kung C, et al. (1999) Energetic and spatial parameters for gating of the bacterial large conductance mechanosensitive channel, MscL. J Gen Physiol 113: 525–539. doi: 10.1085/jgp.113.4.525
[69]	Sawada Y, Murase M, Sokabe M (2012) The gating mechanism of the bacterial mechanosensitive channel MscL revealed by molecular dynamics simulations: from tension sensing to channel opening. Channels (Austin) 6: 317–331. doi: 10.4161/chan.21895
[70]	Deplazes E, Louhivuori M, Jayatilaka D, et al. (2012) Structural investigation of MscL gating using experimental data and coarse grained MD simulations. PLoS Comput Biol 8: e1002683. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002683
[71]	Moiseenkova-Bell VY, Stanciu LA, Serysheva, II, et al. (2008) Structure of TRPV1 channel revealed by electron cryomicroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 7451–7455. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0711835105
[72]	Long SB, Tao X, Campbell EB, et al. (2007) Atomic structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel in a lipid membrane-like environment. Nature 450: 376–382. doi: 10.1038/nature06265
[73]	Rahman KS, Cui G, Harvey SC, et al. (2013) Modeling the Conformational Changes Underlying Channel Opening in CFTR. Plos One 8: e74574. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074574
[74]	Brohawn SG, Campbell EB, MacKinnon R (2014) Physical mechanism for gating and mechanosensitivity of the human TRAAK K+ channel. Nature 516: 126–130. doi: 10.1038/nature14013
[75]	Lee CH, Lu W, Michel JC, et al. (2014) NMDA receptor structures reveal subunit arrangement and pore architecture. Nature 511: 191–197. doi: 10.1038/nature13548
[76]	Okamura Y (2007) Biodiversity of voltage sensor domain proteins. Pflugers Arch 454: 361–371. doi: 10.1007/s00424-007-0222-6
[77]	Milac A, Anishkin A, Fatakia SN, et al. (2011) Structural models of TREK channels and their gating mechanism. Channels (Austin) 5: 23–33. doi: 10.4161/chan.5.1.13905
[78]	Brohawn SG, del Marmol J, MacKinnon R (2012) Crystal structure of the human K2P TRAAK, a lipid- and mechano-sensitive K+ ion channel. Science 335: 436–441. doi: 10.1126/science.1213808
[79]	Takahashi K, Naruse K (2012) Stretch-activated BK channel and heart function. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 110: 239–244. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.08.001
[80]	Caceres M, Ortiz L, Recabarren T, et al. (2015) TRPM4 Is a Novel Component of the Adhesome Required for Focal Adhesion Disassembly, Migration and Contractility. PLoS One 10: e0130540. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130540
[81]	Martinac B (2014) The ion channels to cytoskeleton connection as potential mechanism of mechanosensitivity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1838: 682–691. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.015
[82]	Andersen OS, Koeppe RE, 2nd (2007) Bilayer thickness and membrane protein function: an energetic perspective. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 36: 107–130. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.36.040306.132643
[83]	Yoo J, Cui Q (2009) Curvature generation and pressure profile modulation in membrane by lysolipids: insights from coarse-grained simulations. Biophys J 97: 2267–2276. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.07.051
[84]	Cueva JG, Mulholland A, Goodman MB (2007) Nanoscale organization of the MEC-4 DEG/ENaC sensory mechanotransduction channel in Caenorhabditis elegans touch receptor neurons. J Neurosci 27: 14089–14098. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4179-07.2007
[85]	Zhang W, Cheng LE, Kittelmann M, et al. (2015) Ankyrin Repeats Convey Force to Gate the NOMPC Mechanotransduction Channel. Cell 162: 1391–1403. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.024
[86]	Eastwood AL, Goodman MB (2012) Insight into DEG/ENaC channel gating from genetics and structure. Physiology (Bethesda) 27: 282–290. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00006.2012
[87]	Tabarean IV, Morris CE (2002) Membrane stretch accelerates activation and slow inactivation in Shaker channels with S3-S4 linker deletions. Biophys J 82: 2982–2994. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75639-7
[88]	Maingret F, Patel AJ, Lesage F, et al. (1999) Mechano- or acid stimulation, two interactive modes of activation of the TREK-1 potassium channel. J Biol Chem 274: 26691–26696. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.38.26691
[89]	Xian Tao L, Dyachenko V, Zuzarte M, et al. (2006) The stretch-activated potassium channel TREK-1 in rat cardiac ventricular muscle. Cardiovasc Res 69: 86–97. doi: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.08.018
[90]	Lolicato M, Riegelhaupt PM, Arrigoni C, et al. (2014) Transmembrane helix straightening and buckling underlies activation of mechanosensitive and thermosensitive K(2P) channels. Neuron 84: 1198–1212. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.017
[91]	Van Wagoner DR (1993) Mechanosensitive gating of atrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Circ Res 72: 973–983. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.72.5.973
[92]	Gu Y, Preston MR, El Haj AJ, et al. (2001) Three types of K(+) currents in murine osteocyte-like cells (MLO-Y4). Bone 28: 29–37. doi: 10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00439-7
[93]	Kawakubo T, Naruse K, Matsubara T, et al. (1999) Characterization of a newly found stretch-activated KCa,ATP channel in cultured chick ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol 276: H1827–1838.
[94]	Peng SQ, Hajela RK, Atchison WD (2005) Fluid flow-induced increase in inward Ba2+ current expressed in HEK293 cells transiently transfected with human neuronal L-type Ca2+ channels. Brain Res 1045: 116–123. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.039
[95]	Zhang WK, Wang D, Duan Y, et al. (2010) Mechanosensitive gating of CFTR. Nat Cell Biol 12: 812. doi: 10.1038/ncb0810-812
[96]	Gadsby DC, Nagel G, Hwang TC (1995) The CFTR chloride channel of mammalian heart. Annu Rev Physiol 57: 387–416. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.002131
[97]	Brierley SM, Castro J, Harrington AM, et al. (2011) TRPA1 contributes to specific mechanically activated currents and sensory neuron mechanical hypersensitivity. J Physiol 589: 3575–3593. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.206789
[98]	Maroto R, Raso A, Wood TG, et al. (2005) TRPC1 forms the stretch-activated cation channel in vertebrate cells. Nat Cell Biol 7: 179–185. doi: 10.1038/ncb1218
[99]	Spassova MA, Hewavitharana T, Xu W, et al. (2006) A common mechanism underlies stretch activation and receptor activation of TRPC6 channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 16586–16591. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606894103
[100]	Kuwahara K, Wang Y, McAnally J, et al. (2006) TRPC6 fulfills a calcineurin signaling circuit during pathologic cardiac remodeling. J Clin Invest 116: 3114–3126. doi: 10.1172/JCI27702
[101]	Grimm C, Kraft R, Sauerbruch S, et al. (2003) Molecular and functional characterization of the melastatin-related cation channel TRPM3. J Biol Chem 278: 21493–21501. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M300945200
[102]	Brown RL, Xiong WH, Peters JH, et al. (2015) TRPM3 expression in mouse retina. PLoS One 10: e0117615. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117615
[103]	Son GY, Yang YM, Park WS, et al. (2015) Hypotonic stress induces RANKL via transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) and vaniloid 4 (TRPV4) in human PDL cells. J Dent Res 94: 473–481. doi: 10.1177/0022034514567196
[104]	Vriens J, Held K, Janssens A, et al. (2014) Opening of an alternative ion permeation pathway in a nociceptor TRP channel. Nat Chem Biol 10: 188–195. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.1428
[105]	Fruhwald J, Camacho LJ, Dembla S, et al. (2012) Alternative splicing of a protein domain indispensable for function of transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) ion channels. J Biol Chem 287: 36663–36672. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.396663
[106]	Kwon M, Baek SH, Park CK, et al. (2014) Single-cell RT-PCR and immunocytochemical detection of mechanosensitive transient receptor potential channels in acutely isolated rat odontoblasts. Arch Oral Biol 59: 1266–1271. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.07.016
[107]	Heckel E, Boselli F, Roth S, et al. (2015) Oscillatory Flow Modulates Mechanosensitive klf2a Expression through trpv4 and trpp2 during Heart Valve Development. Curr Biol 25: 1354–1361. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.038
[108]	Adapala RK, Thoppil R, Luther DJ, et al. (2012) TRPV4 channels mediate cardiac fibroblast differentiation by integrating mechanical and soluble signals. J Mol Cell Cardiol.
[109]	Kloda A, Lua L, Hall R, et al. (2007) Liposome reconstitution and modulation of recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels by membrane stretch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 1540–1545. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0609649104

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2016 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)