Level of physical activity and barriers to exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes

Carolina Gómez Martin; Maria Laura Pomares; Carolina Maria Muratore; Pablo Javier Avila; Susana Beatriz Apoloni; Martín Rodríguez; Claudio Daniel Gonzalez; Carolina Gómez Martin; Maria Laura Pomares; Carolina Maria Muratore; Pablo Javier Avila; Susana Beatriz Apoloni; Martín Rodríguez; Claudio Daniel Gonzalez

doi:10.3934/publichealth.2021018

AIMS Public Health

2021, Volume 8, Issue 2: 229-239. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2021018

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Research article

Level of physical activity and barriers to exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes

1.
Cendia (Endocrinology and Diabetes Center), Urquiza 802, EP C, CP 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
2.
Diabetes Unit CEGYM. San Martin 569, CP 3400. Corrientes, Argentina
3.
Private Office. Pte Kirchner 908. 3ro 10, CP 9400, Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina
4.
Public Employees Insurance (OSEP) Mendoza, Entre Ríos 345, CP 5600. San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina
5.
Diabetes Service, Austral Universitary Hospital, Av. Juan D Peron 1500, Pilar, Bs As, Argentina
6.
Universitary Hospital, Cuyo National University, CP 5500. Mendoza, Argentina
7.
Department of Famacology, CEMIC University, CP 1431, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Received: 07 November 2020 Accepted: 01 March 2021 Published: 09 March 2021

Introduction
Physical activity (PA) is an important element in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management. The aims of this study were to assess the percentage of adults with T2DM who perform PA, according to the intensity level and to describe barriers to exercise and the association between metabolic control and other clinical variables.

Methods
Multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study. Data were collected through the International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the PA Barrier Questionnaire. Adults (18–65 years old) with T2DM from 17 Argentine diabetes centers were included, from May to July 2018.

Results
A total of 270 men (54.9 ± 9.8 years) and 225 women (55.3 ± 9.6 years) were included. Duration of diabetes: 8.2 ± 6.3 years. The BMI in men was 32 ± 10.6 kg/m², whereas that in women was 32.5 ± 7.2 kg/m². The last two HbA1c values were 7.6 ± 1.7% and 7.5 ± 1.6. Results also showed that 12.7% had clinical heart disease, 13.7% had nephropathy, 20.8% had neuropathy, 6.1% had diabetic foot and 14.1% had retinopathy. The level of PA was low in 52.3% of the patients studied and moderate in 30.5%. The most frequent barriers were: “lack of will” (59.6%) and “lack of energy” (37.2%). The low level of PA was associated with age (OR: 1.05 per year of age; p < 0.001), HbA1c (OR: 1.16 per 1%; p < 0.05), BMI (OR: 1.06 per kg/m²; p < 0.001) and sex (OR: 1.69 for women; p < 0.01).

Conclusions
PA in a cornerstone in management T2DM. Nevertheless, in this study, 52.3% of T2DM adults showed low level of PA. The main barriers reported were related to low personal motivation. These factors should be taken into account to implement programs to promote physical activity.
- physical activity,
- exercise,
- type 2 diabetes,
- barriers,
- IPAQ
Citation: Carolina Gómez Martin, Maria Laura Pomares, Carolina Maria Muratore, Pablo Javier Avila, Susana Beatriz Apoloni, Martín Rodríguez, Claudio Daniel Gonzalez. Level of physical activity and barriers to exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2021, 8(2): 229-239. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2021018

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Abstract

Introduction

Physical activity (PA) is an important element in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management. The aims of this study were to assess the percentage of adults with T2DM who perform PA, according to the intensity level and to describe barriers to exercise and the association between metabolic control and other clinical variables.

Methods

Multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study. Data were collected through the International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the PA Barrier Questionnaire. Adults (18–65 years old) with T2DM from 17 Argentine diabetes centers were included, from May to July 2018.

Results

A total of 270 men (54.9 ± 9.8 years) and 225 women (55.3 ± 9.6 years) were included. Duration of diabetes: 8.2 ± 6.3 years. The BMI in men was 32 ± 10.6 kg/m², whereas that in women was 32.5 ± 7.2 kg/m². The last two HbA1c values were 7.6 ± 1.7% and 7.5 ± 1.6. Results also showed that 12.7% had clinical heart disease, 13.7% had nephropathy, 20.8% had neuropathy, 6.1% had diabetic foot and 14.1% had retinopathy. The level of PA was low in 52.3% of the patients studied and moderate in 30.5%. The most frequent barriers were: “lack of will” (59.6%) and “lack of energy” (37.2%). The low level of PA was associated with age (OR: 1.05 per year of age; p < 0.001), HbA1c (OR: 1.16 per 1%; p < 0.05), BMI (OR: 1.06 per kg/m²; p < 0.001) and sex (OR: 1.69 for women; p < 0.01).

Conclusions

PA in a cornerstone in management T2DM. Nevertheless, in this study, 52.3% of T2DM adults showed low level of PA. The main barriers reported were related to low personal motivation. These factors should be taken into account to implement programs to promote physical activity.

Abbreviations

ADA

American Diabetes Association

BMI

Body mass index

HbA1c

Glycated Hemoglobin A1c

HPLC

High-performance liquid chromatography

IPAQ

International Physical Activity Questionnaire

MET

Metabolic Equivalent of task

Physical activity

T2DM

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

WHO

World Health Organization

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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