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Review

Associated outcomes of various iterations of the dedicated orthopaedic trauma room: a literature review

  • Scheduling urgent, orthopaedic trauma cases has long been a challenge for health care institutions. Traditionally, these cases are scheduled for an operating room (OR) slot in the middle of the night, by “bumping” elective cases to later in the day, by adding a case on after-hours, or by delaying the case for several days until an OR becomes available. As a solution to the challenges facing traditional scheduling modules, trauma centers around the country have instituted the use of a dedicated orthopaedic trauma room (DOTR). While there are multiple studies analyzing the effects of DOTRs on various outcomes, there is not a centralized review of these studies. This paper will serve as a review of the various models of the DOTR as well as the effect of the DOTR on after-hours procedures, time to surgery (TTS), duration of surgery (DOS), length of stay (LOS), cost, and surgical complications. An extensive review of the literature was performed through PubMed and Embase. 17 studies were found to meet eligibility criteria. This review suggests that DOTRs have favorable effects on after-hours procedures, cost, and surgical complications. There is variability in the data regarding the effect on TTS, DOS, and LOS.

    Citation: Kathryn Biddle, Kelly Pagidas. Associated outcomes of various iterations of the dedicated orthopaedic trauma room: a literature review[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2022, 9(3): 450-466. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2022024

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  • Scheduling urgent, orthopaedic trauma cases has long been a challenge for health care institutions. Traditionally, these cases are scheduled for an operating room (OR) slot in the middle of the night, by “bumping” elective cases to later in the day, by adding a case on after-hours, or by delaying the case for several days until an OR becomes available. As a solution to the challenges facing traditional scheduling modules, trauma centers around the country have instituted the use of a dedicated orthopaedic trauma room (DOTR). While there are multiple studies analyzing the effects of DOTRs on various outcomes, there is not a centralized review of these studies. This paper will serve as a review of the various models of the DOTR as well as the effect of the DOTR on after-hours procedures, time to surgery (TTS), duration of surgery (DOS), length of stay (LOS), cost, and surgical complications. An extensive review of the literature was performed through PubMed and Embase. 17 studies were found to meet eligibility criteria. This review suggests that DOTRs have favorable effects on after-hours procedures, cost, and surgical complications. There is variability in the data regarding the effect on TTS, DOS, and LOS.


    Abbreviations

    ASA:

    American Society of Anesthesiologists; 

    ACS NSQIP:

    American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program; 

    OR:

    Operating room; 

    NPO:

    Nil per os; 

    DOTR:

    Dedicated orthopaedic trauma room; 

    DOTL:

    Dedicated orthopaedic trauma list; 

    TTS:

    Time to surgery; 

    DOS:

    Duration of surgery; 

    LOS:

    Length of stay; 

    FRR:

    Fracture reduction room; 

    FSDF:

    Femoral shaft and distal femur fractures; 

    ORIF:

    Open reduction and internal fixation

    In this paper, we are concerned with the Cauchy problem for the generalized Camassa-Holm equation

    (12x)ut+(k+1)(k+2)2ukuxk(k1)2uk2u3x2kuk1uxuxxukuxxx=0,kN+, (1.1)
    u(0,x)=u0(x), (1.2)

    which is introduced by S. Hakkaev and K. Kirchev [14,15]. In Eq (1.1), u=u(t,x) stands for the fluid velocity at time t>0 in the spatial direction. Equation (1.1) admits following conservative laws

    E=R12(uk+2+uku2x)dx, (1.3)
    F=R12(u2+u2x)dx, (1.4)

    and

    H=Rudx. (1.5)

    An important feature of Eq (1.1) is the existence of traveling solitary waves, interacting like solitons, also called "peakons"

    u(t,x)=c1kexct. (1.6)

    Since then, Eq (1.1) attracted lots of the attentions in the last few years. The well-posedness of the solutions for Eq (1.1) is obtained by parabolic regularization method [14], Kato's semigroup approach [20] and by classical Friedrichs's regularization method [21], respectively. In [17], Lai and Wu obtained a sufficient condition for the existence of weak solutions of Eq (1.1) in lower order Sobolev space Hs(R) with 1<s3/2. Yan [23] proved that Eq (1.1) does not depend uniformly continuously on the initial data in Hs(R) with s<3/2 and that the Cauchy problem for the generalized Camassa-Holm equation is locally well-posedness in B3/22,1. In [24], Zhou focused on the persistence property in weighted Lp spaces.

    When k=1, Eq (1.1) reduced to the well-known Camassa-Holm equation

    (12x)ut=3uux+2uxuxx+uuxxx, (1.7)

    which was derived by Camassa and Holm [1] and by Fokas and Fuchssteiner [11]. It describes the motion of shallow water waves and possesses soliton solutions, a Lax pair, a bi-Hamiltonian structures and infinitely many conserved integrals [1,32], and it can be solved by the Inverse Scattering Method. The dynamic properties related the equation can be found in [3,4,5,10,12,13,14,15,16,18,19,20,22,25] and the references therein. It is well-known that a major interest in water waves is the existence of breaking waves (solutions that remain bounded but whose slope becomes unbounded in finite time[7]). Comparing with KdV equation, another important feature of Camassa-Holm equation is that it possesses breaking wave[6,7,8,9].

    To our best knowledge, blow-up, analyticity and analytical solutions have not been investigated yet for the problems (1.1) and (1.2). Inspired by the ideas from [7], the objective of this paper is to investigate the blow-up phenomenon, analyticity and analytical solutions for the problems (1.1) and (1.2). In our blow-up phenomenon analysis, the quantity R((uk)x)3dx plays a key role. Taking advantage of complicated calculation, we obtain the Riccati inequality of quantity R((uk)x)3dx to arrive at a new blow-up result. In addition, we present some analytical solutions for the problems (1.1) and (1.2). Finally, we prove the analyticity. The results we obtained complements earlier results in this direction.

    Notations. The space of all infinitely differentiable functions ϕ(t,x) with compact support in [0,+)×R is denoted by C0. Let Lp=Lp(R)(1p<+) be the space of all measurable functions h such that hPLP=R|h(t,x)|pdx<. We define L=L(R) with the standard norm hL=infm(e)=0supxRe|h(t,x)|. For any real number s, Hs=Hs(R) denotes the Sobolev space with the norm defined by

    hHs=(R(1+|ξ|2)s|ˆh(t,ξ)|2dξ)12<,

    where ˆh(t,ξ)=Reixξh(t,x)dx.

    We denote by the convolution, using the green function G(x)=12ex, we have (12x)1f=G(x)f for all fL2, and p(uuxx)=u. For T>0 and nonnegative number s, C([0,T);Hs(R)) denotes the Frechet space of all continuous Hs-valued functions on [0,T). For simplicity, throughout this article, we let c denote any positive constant

    The Cauchy problems (1.1) and (1.2) is equivalent to

    ut+ukux=x(12x)1(k(k+3)2(k+1)uk+1+k2uk1u2x), (1.8)
    u(0,x)=u0(x), (1.9)

    which is also equivalent to

    yt+ukyx+2kuk1uxy+k(k1)2(ukuxuk2u3x)=0, (1.10)
    y=uuxx,u(0,x)=u0(x). (1.11)

    The rest sections are organized as follows. In the second section, we give a blow up criterion and a new blow up phenomenon. Existence of weak solution (CH-type peakon) and analytical solutions are studied in third section. In the forth section, we proved analyticity of strong solutions..

    We firstly give some useful Lemmas.

    Lemma 2.1. Given u(x,0)=u0Hs(R),s>3/2, then there exist a maximal T=T(u0) and a unique solution u to the problems (1.1) and (1.2) such that

    u=u(,u0)C([0,T);Hs(R))C1([0,T);Hs1(R)).

    Moreover, the solution depends continuously on the initial data, i.e., the mapping u0u(,u0):HsC([0,T);Hs(R))C1([0,T);Hs1(R)) is continuous.

    Proof. Using the Kato's theorem[27], we can prove the above theorem. Because there exist some similarities, here we omit the proof of Lemma 2.1, a detailed proof can be found in [26].

    Lemma 2.2. ([2]) Let fC1(R), a>0, b>0 and f(0)>ba. If f(t)af2(t)b, then

    f(t)+astT=12ablog(f(0)+baf(0)ba). (2.1)

    Lemma 2.3. (see [23]) Let u0B3/22,1 and u be the corresponding solution to (1.1). Assume that T is the maximal time of existence of the solution to the problems (1.1) and (1.2). If T<, then

    T0uxLdτ=+. (2.2)

    Remark 1. For s>32, it is well known that HsB3/22,1, so we have the following result:

    Let u0Hs with s>32 and u be the corresponding solution to (1.1). Assume that T is the maximal time of existence of the solution to the problems (1.1) and (1.2). If T<, then

    T0uxLdτ=+. (2.3)

    Lemma 2.4. Let u0Hs(R) with s>32. Let T>0 be the maximum existence time of the solution u to the problems (1.1) and (1.2) with the initial data u0. Then the corresponding solution u blows up in finite time if and only if

    limtTuk1uxL=+.

    Proof. Applying Lemma 2.1 and a simple density argument, it suffices to consider the case s=3. Let T>0 be the maximal time of existence of solution u to the problems (1.1) and (1.2) with initial data u0H3(R). From Lemma 2.1 we know that uC([0,T);H3(R))C1([0,T);H2(R)). Due to y=uuxx, by direct computation, one has

    y2L2=R(uuxx)2dx=R(u2+2u2x+u2xx)dx. (2.4)

    So,

    u2H2≤∥y2L22u2H2. (2.5)

    Multiplying equation (1.10) by 2y and integrating by parts and using the interpolation ux2LCuH1yL2, we obtain

    ddty2L2=2Ryytdx=3kRuk1uxy2dxk(k1)Rukuxydx+k(k1)Ruk2u3xydxc(uk1uxLy2L2+ukLyL2uxL2+uk2Lu2xLyL2uxL2)c(uk1uxL+C1)y2L2. (2.6)

    where C1=C1(u0H1).

    If there exists a constant M>0 such that uk1uxL<M, from (2.6) we deduce that

    ddty2L2c(M+C1)y2L2. (2.7)

    By virtue of Gronwall's inequality, one has

    y2L2≤∥y02L2ec(M+C1)t. (2.8)

    On the other hand, due to u=py and ux=pxy, then

    uk1uxL≤∥uk1LuxL≤∥pk1L2pxL2ykL2

    This completes the proof of Lemma 2.4.

    Now, we present the blow-up phenomenon.

    Theorem 2.5. Let u0Hs(R) for s>32. Suppose that u(t,x) be corresponding solution of problems (1.1) and (1.2) with the initial datum u0. If the slope of uk0 satisfies

    R(uk0)3x<KK1, (2.9)

    where K=3k(6k2+7k2)4(k+1)u02kH1 and K1=12cku0kH1. Then there exists the lifespan T< such that the corresponding solution u(t,x) blows up in finite time T with

    T=12KK1log(K1h(0)KK1h(0)+K). (2.10)

    Proof. Defining g(t)=uk(t,x), h(t)=Rg3xdx, it follows that

    gt+ggx=kuk1Q, (2.11)

    where Q=x(12x)1(k(k+2)2(k+1)uk+1+k2uk1u2x).

    Differentiating the above Eq (2.11) with respect x yields

    gtx+ggxx=12g2x+k(k1)uk2uxQ+k2(k+2)2(k+1)g2k2(k+2)2(k+1)uk1(12x)1(uk+1)k22uk1(12x)1(uk1u2x). (2.12)

    Multiplying 3g2x both sides of (2.12) and integrating with respect x over R, one has

    ddtRg3xdx=12Rg4xdx+3k(k1)Ruk2uxg2xQdx+3k2(k+2)2(k+1)Rg2g2xdx3k2(k+2)2(k+1)Rg2xuk1(12x)1(uk+1)dx3k22Rg2xuk1(12x)1(uk1u2x)dx=Γ1+Γ2+Γ3+Γ4+Γ5. (2.13)

    Using the Hölder's inequality, Yong's inequality and (1.4), from (2.13) we get

    Γ2=3k(k1)Ruk2uxg2xQdx3k(k1)QL(R(uk2ux)2dx)12(R(gx)2dx)123k(k1)2u02kH1(R(gx)4dx)123k(k1)2(u04kH12ϵ+ϵR(gx)4dx2), (2.14)
    Γ3=3k2(k+2)2(k+1)Rg2g2xdx3k2(k+2)2(k+1)(Rg4dx)12(R(gx)4dx)123k2(k+2)2(k+1)u02kH1(R(gx)4dx)123k2(k+2)2(k+1)(u04kH12ϵ+ϵR(gx)4dx2), (2.15)
    Γ4=3k2(k+2)2(k+1)Rg2xuk1(12x)1(uk+1)dx3k2(k+2)2(k+1)(12x)1(uk+1)L(Ru2k2dx)12(R(gx)4dx)123k2(k+2)2(k+1)u02kH1(R(gx)4dx)123k2(k+2)2(k+1)(u04kH12ϵ+ϵR(gx)4dx2), (2.16)

    and

    Γ5=3k22Rg2xuk1(12x)1(uk1u2x)dx3k22(12x)1(uk1u2x)L(Ru2k2dx)12(R(gx)4dx)123k22u02kH1(R(gx)4dx)123k22(u04kH12ϵ+ϵR(gx)4dx2). (2.17)

    Combining the above inequalities (2.14)–(2.17), we obtain

    Γ2+Γ3+Γ4+Γ5∣≤3k(6k2+7k2)8ϵ(k+1)u04kH1+ϵ23k(6k2+7k2)4(k+1)R(gx)4dx. (2.18)

    Choosing ϵ=2(k+1)3k(6k2+7k2), which results in

    ddtRg3xdx14Rg4xdx+K2. (2.19)

    in which K2=9k2(6k2+7k2)216(k+1)2u04kH1. Using the Hölder's inequality, we get

    (Rg3xdx)2cRg2xdxRg4xdxck2u02kH1Rg4xdx. (2.20)

    Combining (2.19) and (2.20), we have

    ddth(t)K21h2(t)+K2, (2.21)

    where K21=14ck2u02kH1.

    It is observed from assumption of Theorem that h(0)<KK1, the continuity argument ensures that h(t)<h(0). Lemma 2.1 (a=K21 and b=K2) implies that h(t) as tT=12K1KlogK1h(0)KK1h(0)+K.

    On the other hand, by using the fact that

    Rg3xdx∣≤Rg3xdxk3uk1ux(t,x)LRg2xdx=k3uk1ux(t,x)Lu02kH1. (2.22)

    Lemma 2.4 implies that the Theorem 2.5 is true. This completes the proof of Theorem 2.5.

    The solitons do not belong to the spaces Hs(R) with s>32 [28,29], so it motivates us to carry out the study of analytical solutions to problems (1.1) and (1.2).

    Definition 3.1. Given initial data u0Hs, s>32, the function u is said to be a weak solution to the initial-value problems (1.8) and (1.9) if it satisfies the following identity

    T0Ruφt+1k+1uk+1φx+G(k(k+3)2(k+1)uk+1+k2uk1u2x)φxdxdt+Ru0(x)φ(0,x)dx=0 (3.1)

    for any smooth test function φ(t,x)Cc([0,T)×R). If u is a weak solution on [0,T) for every T>0, then it is called a global weak solution.

    Theorem 3.2 The peakon function of the form

    u(t,x)=p(t)e|xq(t)| (3.2)

    is a global weak solution to problems (1.1) and (1.2) in the sense of Definition 3.1. Assumed that the functions p(t) and q(t) satisfy

    pk+1(t)p(t)q(t)p(t)=0,

    and

    pk+1(t)p(t)q(t)+p(t)=0.

    where denotes differentiation.

    Proof. We firstly claim that

    u=p(t)e|xq(t)| (3.3)

    is a peakon solution of (1.1) and

    ut=p(t)e|xq(t)|+p(t)sign(xq(t))q(t)e|xq(t)|,ux=p(t)sign(xq(t))e|xq(t)|. (3.4)

    Hence, using (3.1), (3.4) and integration by parts, we derive that

    T0Ruφt+1k+1uk+1φxdxdt+Ru0(x)φ(0,x)dx=T0Rφ(ut+ukux)dxdt=T0Rφ[p(t)e|xq(t)|+sign(xq(t))(p(t)q(t)e|xq(t)|pk+1e(k+1)|xq(t)|)]dxdt. (3.5)

    On the other hand, using (3.4), we obtain

    T0RG(k(k+3)2(k+1)uk+1+k2uk1u2x)φxdxdt=T0RφGx[k2uk1u2x+k(k+3)2(k+1)uk+1]dxdt=T0RφGx[k(k+2)k+1uk+1]dxdt. (3.6)

    Note that Gx=12sign(x)e|x|. For x>q(t), directly calculate

    Gx[k(k+2)k+1uk+1]=12Rsign(xy)e|xy|k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)e(k+1)|yq(t)|dy=12(q(t)+xq(t)+x)sign(xy)e|xy|k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)e(k+1)|yq(t)|dy=I1+I2+I3. (3.7)

    We directly compute I1 as follows

    I1=12q(t)sign(xy)e|xy|k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)e(k+1)|yq(t)|dy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)q(t)ex(k+1)q(t)e(k+2)ydy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)ex(k+1)q(t)q(t)e(k+2)ydy=12(k+2)k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)ex+q(t). (3.8)

    In a similar procedure,

    I2=12xq(t)sign(xy)e|xy|k(k+2)k+1ak+1e(k+1)|yq(t)|dy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1xq(t)ex+(k+1)q(t)ekydy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1ex+(k+1)q(t)xq(t)ekydy=12kk(k+2)k+1pk+1(e(k+1)(xq(t))ex+q(t)), (3.9)

    and

    I3=12xsign(xy)e|xy|k(k+2)k+1pk+1e(k+1)|yq(t)|dy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1xex+(k+1)q(t)e(k+2)ydy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1ex+(k+1)q(t)xe(k+2)ydy=12(k+2)k(k+2)k+1pk+1e(k+1)(xq(t)). (3.10)

    Substituting (3.8)–(3.10) into (3.7), we deduce that for x>q(t)

    Gx[k(k+2)k+1uk+1]=2(k+1)k(k+2)Ωex+q(t)2(k+1)k(k+2)Ωe(k+1)(xq(t))=pk+1(t)ex+q(t)+pk+1(t)e(k+1)(xq(t)), (3.11)

    where Ω=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t).

    For x<q(t),

    Gx[(k(k+2)k+1uk+1]=12Rsign(xy)e|xy|(k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)e(k+1)|yq(t)|dy=12(x+q(t)x+q(t))sign(xy)e|xy|k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)e(k+1)|yq(t)|dy=Δ1+Δ2+Δ3. (3.12)

    We directly compute Δ1 as follows

    Δ1=12xsign(xy)e|xy|k(k+2)k+1pk+1e(k+1)|yq(t)|dy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)xex(k+1)q(t)e(k+2)ydy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)ex(k+1)q(t)xe(k+2)ydy=12(k+2)k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)e(k+1)(xq(t)). (3.13)

    In a similar procedure,

    Δ2=12ctxsign(xy)e|xy|k(k+2)k+1pk+1e(k+1)|yq(t)|dy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)q(t)xex(k+1)q(t)ekydy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)ex(k+1)q(t)q(t)xekydy=12kk(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)(e(k+1)(xq(t))+exq(t)), (3.14)

    and

    Δ3=12q(t)sign(xy)e|xy|k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)e(k+1)|yq(t)|dy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)q(t)ex+(k+1)q(t)e(k+2)ydy=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)ex+(k+1)q(t)q(t)e(k+2)ydy=12(k+2)k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t)exq(t). (3.15)

    Therefore, from (3.8)–(3.10), we deduce that for x<q(t)

    Gx[k(k+2)k+1uk+1]=2(k+1)k(k+2)Θexq(t)2(k+1)k(k+2)Θe(k+1)(xq(t))=pk+1(t)exq(t)pk+1(t)e(k+1)(xq(t)), (3.16)

    where Θ=12k(k+2)k+1pk+1(t).

    Recalling u=p(t)e|xq(t)|, we have

    p(t)e|xq(t)|+sign(xq(t))(p(t)q(t)e|xq(t)|pk+1e(k+1)|xq(t)|)={p(t)ex+q(t)+p(t)q(t)ex+q(t)pk+1e(k+1)(xq(t),forx>q(t),p(t)exq(t)p(t)q(t)exq(t)+pk+1e(k+1)(xq(t)),forxq(t).

    To ensure that u=p(t)e|xq(t)| is a global weak solution of (1.1) in the sense of Definition 3.1, we infer that

    pk+1(t)p(t)q(t)p(t)=0 (3.17)

    and

    pk+1(t)p(t)q(t)+p(t)=0 (3.18)

    hold.

    It completes the proof of Theorem 3.2.

    Remark 2. Solving Eqs (3.17) and (3.18), we get

    p(t)=c1k,andq(t)=ct+x0c>0. (3.19)

    Therefore, we conclude that peakon solution for problems (1.1) and (1.2)

    u=c1ke|xctx0|,c>0. (3.20)

    Remark 3. For x>q(t), the solution of problems (1.1) and (1.2) is of following form

    u=p(t)ex+q(t), (3.21)

    where p(t) and q(t) satisfy

    pk+1(t)p(t)q(t)p(t)=0. (3.22)

    For x<q(t), the solution of problems (1.1) and (1.2) is of following form

    u=p(t)exq(t), (3.23)

    where p(t) and q(t) satisfy

    pk+1(t)p(t)q(t)+p(t)=0. (3.24)

    Example. For x>q(t), letting q(t)=t+c,c>0, from (3.17) we derive that

    p+12tppk+1=0. (3.25)

    (3.25) implies that

    p=(2t+2k)1k. (3.26)

    Hence, we obtain from (3.3) the solution of (1.1) for x>q(t).

    u=(2t+2k)1kex+t+c. (3.27)

    For x<q(t), letting q(t)=t+c,c>0, from (3.18) we derive that

    p12tp+pk+1=0. (3.28)

    (3.28) implies that

    p=(2t2k)1k. (3.29)

    Therefore, we obtain from (3.3) the solution of (1.1) for x<q(t).

    u=(2t2k)1kextc. (3.30)

    In this section, we focus on the analyticity of the Cauchy problems (1.1) and (1.2) based on a contraction type argument in a suitably chosen scale of the Banach spaces. In order to state the main result, we will need a suitable scale of the Banach spaces as follows. For any s>0, we set

    Es={uC(R):|||u|||s=supkN0sk||ku||H2k!/(k+1)2<},

    where H2(R) is the Sobolev space of order two on the real line and N0 is the set nonnegative integers. One can easily verify that Es equipped with the norm ||||||s is a Banach space and that, for any 0<s<s, Es is continuously embedded in Es with

    |||u|||s|||u|||s.

    Another simple consequence of the definition is that any u in Es is a real analytic function on R. Our main theorem is stated as follows.

    Theorem 4.1. If the initial data u0 is analytic and belongs to a space Es0, for some 0<s01, then there exist an ε>0 and a unique solution u(t,x) to the Cauchy problems (1.1) and (1.2) that is analytic on (ε,ε)×R.

    For the proof of Theorem 4.1, we need the following lemmas

    Lemma 4.2. ([30]) Let 0<s<1. There is a constant C>0, independent of s, such that for any u and v in Es we have

    |||uv|||sC|||u|||s|||v|||s.

    Lemma 4.3. ([30]) There is a constant C>0 such that for any 0<s<s<1, we have |||xu|||sCss, and |||(12x)1u|||s|||u|||s, |||x(12x)1u|||s|||u|||s.

    Lemma 4.4. ([31]) Let {Xs}0<s<1 be a scale of decreasing Banach spaces, namely for any s<s we have XsXs and ||||||s||||||s. Consider the Cauchy problem

    dudt=F(t,u(t)), (4.1)
    u(0,x)=0. (4.2)

    Let T, R and C be positive constants and assume that F satisfies the following conditions:

    (1) If for 0<s<s<1 the function tu(t) is holomorphic in |t|<T and continuous on |t|T with values in Xs and

    sup|t|T|||u(t)|||s<R,

    then tF(t,u(t)) is a holomorphic function on |t|<T with values in Xs.

    (2) For any 0<s<s<1 and only u,vXs with |||u|||s<R, |||v|||s<R,

    sup|t|T|||F(t,u)F(t,v)|||sCss|||uv|||s.

    (3) There exists M>0 such that for any 0<s<1,

    sup|t|T|||F(t,0)|||sM1s,

    then there exist a T0(0,T) and a unique function u(t), which for every s(0,1) is holomorphic in |t|<(1s)T0 with values in Xs, and is a solution to the Cauchy problems (1.1) and (1.2).

    Let u1=u and u2=ux, then the problems (1.1) and (1.2) can be written as a system for u1 and u2.

    u1t=uk1u2x(12x)1(k(k3)2(k1)uk+11+k2uk11u22)=F1(u1,u2), (4.3)
    u2t=kuk11u22uk1u2x2x(12x)1(k(k3)2(k1)uk+11+k2uk11u22)=F2(u1,u2), (4.4)
    u1(x,0)=u(x,0)=u0(x),u2(x,0)=ux(x,0)=u0x(x). (4.5)

    To apply Lemma 4.4 to prove Theorem 4.1, we rewrite the system (4.3)-(3.28) as

    dUdt=F(u1,u2), (4.6)
    U(0)=(u0,u0), (4.7)

    where U=(u1,u2) and F(t,U)=F(u1,u2)=(F1(u1,u2),F2(u1,u2)).

    Proof of Theorem 4.1. Theorem 4.1 is a straightforward consequence of the Cauchy-Kowalevski theorem [31]. We only need verify the conditions (1)–(3) in the statement of the abstract Cauchy-Kowalevski theorem (see Lemma 4.4) for both F1(u1,u2) and F2(u1,u2) in the systems (4.3)–(3.28), since neither F1 nor F2 depends on t explicitly. For 0<s<s<1, we derive from Lemmas 4.2 and 4.3 that

    |||F1(u1,u2)|||s|||u1|||ks|||u2|||s+C|||u1|||k+1s+C|||u1|||k1s|||u2|||2s
    |||F2(u1,u2)|||sC|||u1|||k1s|||u2|||2s+Css|||u1|||ks|||u2|||s+Css|||u1|||k+1s+Css|||u1|||k1s|||u2|||2s,

    where the constant C depends only on R, so condition (1) holds.

    Notice that to verify the second condition it is sufficient to estimate

    |||F(u1,u2)F(v1,v2)|||s|||F1(u1,u2)F1(v1,v2)|||s+|||F2(u1,u2)F2(v1,v2)|||sC|||uk1u2vk1v2|||s+C|||x(12x)1(uk+11vk+11)|||s+C|||x(12x)1(uk11u22vk11v22)|||s+C|||uk11u22vk11v22|||s+C|||uk1u2xvk1v2x|||s+C|||2x(12x)1(uk+11vk+11)|||s+C|||2x(12x)1(uk11u22vk11v22)|||s,

    Using Lemmas 4.2 and 4.3, we get the following estimates

    |||uk1u2vk1v2|||s|||uk1u2uk1v2|||s+|||uk1v2vk1v2|||sC|||u2v2|||s|||u1|||ks+|||u1v1|||s|||v2|||s(k10(|||u1|||k1is|||v1|||is)),
    |||x(12x)1(uk+11vk+11)|||s|||uk+11vk+11|||s|||u1v1|||s(k0(|||u1|||kis|||v1|||is)),
    |||uk11u22vk11v22|||s|||uk11u22uk11v22|||s+|||uk11v22vk11v22|||sC|||u2v2|||s(|||u2+v2|||s)|||u1|||k1s+|||u1v1|||s|||v2|||2s(k20(|||u1|||k2is|||v1|||is)),

    and

    |||x(12x)1(uk11u22vk11v22)|||sC|||u2v2|||s(|||u2+v2|||s)|||u1|||k1s+|||u1v1|||s|||v2|||2s(k20(|||u1|||k2is|||v1|||is)),
    |||uk1u2xvk1v2x|||s|||uk1u2uk1v2x|||s+|||uk1v2xvk1v2|||sCss|||u2v2|||s|||u1|||ks+Css|||u1v1|||s|||v2|||s(k10(|||u1|||k1is|||v1|||is)),
    |||2x(12x)1(uk+11vk+11)|||sCss|||uk+11vk+11|||sCss|||u1v1|||s(k0(|||u1|||kis|||v1|||is)),
    |||2x(12x)1(uk11u22vk11v22)|||sCss|||u2v2|||s(|||u2+v2|||s)|||u1|||k1s+Css|||u1v1|||s|||v2|||2s(k20(|||u1|||k2is|||v1|||is)).

    Therefore, we arrive at

    |||F(u1,u2)F(v1,v2)|||sC|||u2v2|||s|||u1|||ks+|||u1v1|||s|||v2|||s(k10(|||u1|||k1is|||v1|||is))+C|||u1v1|||s(k0(|||u1|||kis|||v1|||is))+Css|||u1v1|||s(k0(|||u1|||kis|||v1|||is))+2C|||u2v2|||s|||u2+v2|||s|||u1|||k1s+|||u1v1|||s|||v2|||2s(k20(|||u1|||k2is|||v1|||is))+Css|||u2v2|||s|||u1|||ks+Css|||u1v1|||s|||v2|||s(k10(|||u1|||k1is|||v1|||is))+Css|||u2v2|||s|||u2+v2|||s|||u1|||k1s+Css|||u1v1|||s|||v2|||2s(k20(|||u1|||k2is|||v1|||is)),

    where the constant C depends only on R and k. The conditions (1)–(3) above are easily verified once our system is transformed into a new system with zero initial data as (4.1) and (4.2). So, we have completed the proof of Theorem 4.1.

    In this paper, we focus on several dynamic properties of the Cauchy problems (1.1) and (1.2). We first establish a new blow-up criterion and a blow-up phenomenon for the problem, then we study analytical solutions for the equation by using a new method, here, we present two analytical solutions for the problems (1.1) and (1.2) for the first time. Finally, we study the analyticity in a suitable scale of the Banach spaces. The properties of the problems (1.1) and (1.2) not only present fundamental importance from mathematical point of view but also are of great physical interest.

    This research was funded by the Guizhou Province Science and Technology Basic Project (Grant No. QianKeHe Basic [2020]1Y011).

    There is no conflict of interest.


    Acknowledgments



    No grant funding was utilized for the completion of this review.

    Conflict of interest



    All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.

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