<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> antimicrobial efflux pumps and their inhibitors: recent developments

Manjusha Lekshmi; Jerusha Stephen; Manisha Ojha; Sanath Kumar; Manuel Varela; Manjusha Lekshmi; Jerusha Stephen; Manisha Ojha; Sanath Kumar; Manuel Varela

doi:10.3934/medsci.2022018

AIMS Medical Science

2022, Volume 9, Issue 3: 367-393. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2022018

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Review Topical Sections

Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial efflux pumps and their inhibitors: recent developments

1.
Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Seven Bungalows, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India
2.
Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Station 33, Portales, NM 88130, USA

Received: 30 March 2022 Revised: 20 May 2022 Accepted: 26 May 2022 Published: 14 June 2022

The microorganism Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious causative agent of bacterial infection. The widespread presence of this pathogen has caused significant morbidity and mortality rates in clinical healthcare settings and communities. Due to its increasingly frequent recalcitrant nature towards clinically available antimicrobial agents, the bacterium poses a considerable public health crisis. A significant bacterial mechanism of antimicrobial agent resistance includes multidrug efflux pump systems. These antimicrobial efflux determinants translate into several large superfamilies of transporters that share related amino acid sequences, similarities in three-dimensional structures, modes of energization, and solute transport catalysis across the membrane. Because of their ubiquitous nature and functional role in virulence, these multidrug transporters make good targets for inhibition. This review briefly summarizes recent key findings regarding multidrug efflux activity and modulation in the MATE, SMR, and MFS transporters.
- antimicrobial efflux,
- bacteria,
- efflux pump inhibitors,
- modulation,
- multidrug resistance,
- pathogens,
- Staphylococcus aureus
Citation: Manjusha Lekshmi, Jerusha Stephen, Manisha Ojha, Sanath Kumar, Manuel Varela. Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial efflux pumps and their inhibitors: recent developments[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2022, 9(3): 367-393. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2022018

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Abstract

The microorganism Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious causative agent of bacterial infection. The widespread presence of this pathogen has caused significant morbidity and mortality rates in clinical healthcare settings and communities. Due to its increasingly frequent recalcitrant nature towards clinically available antimicrobial agents, the bacterium poses a considerable public health crisis. A significant bacterial mechanism of antimicrobial agent resistance includes multidrug efflux pump systems. These antimicrobial efflux determinants translate into several large superfamilies of transporters that share related amino acid sequences, similarities in three-dimensional structures, modes of energization, and solute transport catalysis across the membrane. Because of their ubiquitous nature and functional role in virulence, these multidrug transporters make good targets for inhibition. This review briefly summarizes recent key findings regarding multidrug efflux activity and modulation in the MATE, SMR, and MFS transporters.

Acknowledgments

The studies discussed here and reported from our laboratory were supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM103451) grants from the National Institutes of Health, a grant from the US Department of Education, the HSI STEM (P031C110114), and internal research grants from ENMU.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this review article.

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