In this paper, we discuss global existence, boundness, blow-up and extinction properties of solutions for the Dirichlet boundary value problem of the p-Laplacian equations with logarithmic nonlinearity ut−div(|∇u|p−2∇u)+β|u|q−2u=λ|u|r−2uln|u|, where 1<p<2, 1<q≤2, r>1, β,λ>0. Under some appropriate conditions, we obtain the global existence of solutions by means of the Galerkin approximations, then we prove that weak solution is globally bounded and blows up at positive infinity by virtue of potential well theory and the Nehari manifold. Moreover, we obtain the decay estimate and the extinction of solutions.
Citation: Fugeng Zeng, Yao Huang, Peng Shi. Initial boundary value problem for a class of p-Laplacian equations with logarithmic nonlinearity[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2021, 18(4): 3957-3976. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2021198
[1] | Ahmed M. Gemeay, Najwan Alsadat, Christophe Chesneau, Mohammed Elgarhy . Power unit inverse Lindley distribution with different measures of uncertainty, estimation and applications. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(8): 20976-21024. doi: 10.3934/math.20241021 |
[2] | Essam A. Ahmed, Laila A. Al-Essa . Inference of stress-strength reliability based on adaptive progressive type-Ⅱ censing from Chen distribution with application to carbon fiber data. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(8): 20482-20515. doi: 10.3934/math.2024996 |
[3] | Baria A. Helmy, Amal S. Hassan, Ahmed K. El-Kholy, Rashad A. R. Bantan, Mohammed Elgarhy . Analysis of information measures using generalized type-Ⅰ hybrid censored data. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(9): 20283-20304. doi: 10.3934/math.20231034 |
[4] | Bandar Bin-Mohsin, Muhammad Uzair Awan, Muhammad Zakria Javed, Artion Kashuri, Muhammad Aslam Noor . Fractional integral estimations pertaining to generalized γ-convex functions involving Raina's function and applications. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(8): 13633-13663. doi: 10.3934/math.2022752 |
[5] | Yanfang Zhang, Fuchang Wang, Yibin Zhao . Statistical characteristics of earthquake magnitude based on the composite model. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(1): 607-624. doi: 10.3934/math.2024032 |
[6] | Emrah Altun, Mustafa Ç. Korkmaz, M. El-Morshedy, M. S. Eliwa . The extended gamma distribution with regression model and applications. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(3): 2418-2439. doi: 10.3934/math.2021147 |
[7] | Tie Li, Zhengcheng Zhang . Generalized conditional spacings and their stochastic properties. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(9): 23909-23923. doi: 10.3934/math.20241162 |
[8] | Pinhong Long, Jinlin Liu, Murugusundaramoorthy Gangadharan, Wenshuai Wang . Certain subclass of analytic functions based on q-derivative operator associated with the generalized Pascal snail and its applications. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(7): 13423-13441. doi: 10.3934/math.2022742 |
[9] | Mohammad M. Al-Gharabli, Adel M. Al-Mahdi, Mohammad Kafini . Global existence and new decay results of a viscoelastic wave equation with variable exponent and logarithmic nonlinearities. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(9): 10105-10129. doi: 10.3934/math.2021587 |
[10] | S. Santhiya, K. Thilagavathi . Geometric properties of holomorphic functions involving generalized distribution with bell number. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(4): 8018-8026. doi: 10.3934/math.2023405 |
In this paper, we discuss global existence, boundness, blow-up and extinction properties of solutions for the Dirichlet boundary value problem of the p-Laplacian equations with logarithmic nonlinearity ut−div(|∇u|p−2∇u)+β|u|q−2u=λ|u|r−2uln|u|, where 1<p<2, 1<q≤2, r>1, β,λ>0. Under some appropriate conditions, we obtain the global existence of solutions by means of the Galerkin approximations, then we prove that weak solution is globally bounded and blows up at positive infinity by virtue of potential well theory and the Nehari manifold. Moreover, we obtain the decay estimate and the extinction of solutions.
Fundamental importance of Hurwitz-Lerch zeta function has its roots in analytic number theory. More recently, a new class of Hurwitz-Lerch zeta function has been introduced and investigated by Srivastava [1]. Following this investigation, various new studies with diverse themes can be found in the literature [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. By taking motivation from these researches, Tassaddiq [12] has investigated a series representation for this class of Hurwitz-Lerch zeta functions by introducing λ-generalized gamma function. The original gamma function was first generalized by Chaudhry and Zubair [13] which proved very useful for the solution of heat conduction problems. After that some other researchers have introduced and investigated different generalizations of gamma function. For review of such generalizations, the interested reader is referred to [14,15] and references there in. More recently, Mubeen et al [14] have reviewed all previous extensions and used the approach of Chaudhry and Zubair [13] to present some extensions of k-gamma and k-beta functions. The literature review for gamma function and its generalizations have not only motivated to mathematicians for the development of modern theories but their applications in miscellaneous subjects are central. The purpose of current study is to find a novel series representation of λ-generalized gamma function in relation with delta function. Recent investigations [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24] are mentionable to achieve the goals of this paper. As a result, one can analytically compute various new integrals of products of special functions which are not the part of existing literature [25,26].
Plan of this paper is as follows: essential preliminaries related to the family of λ-generalized gamma function as well as test functions spaces are given in Sections 2.1 and 2.2. Organization of the remaining part is given as: Section 3.1 includes new series form related with λ-generalized gamma function. Section 3.2 consists of the criteria about the existence as well as uses of the novel series. Validation of these outcomes is given in Section 3.3. Further results are a part of Sections 3.4 and 3.5. Section 4 highlights and concludes the present as well as future work.
Commonly used symbols are stated as follows
Z+=N:={1,2,..};N0:={0}∪N;Z−:={−1,−2,..};Z−0:={0}∪Z−. |
Here N denotes the set of natural numbers whereas the sets of positive and negative integers are symbolized by Z+andZ− respectively. Moreover, C denotes the set of complex numbers and the set of real is denoted by R.
Gamma function as a generalization of factorial has its integral representation [13]
Γ(s)=∫∞0ts−1e−tdt;R(s)>0. | (1) |
Diaz and Pariguan [15] studied its generalization in the following integral form known as k-gamma function
Γk(s)=∫∞0ts−1e−tkkdt(k≥0), | (2) |
and one can notice that Γ1(s)=Γ(s) and
Γ2(s)=∫∞0ts−1e−t22dt | (3) |
is an integral of Gaussian function, which has fundamental applications. These types of gamma function are also important to express other basic notions such as Pochhammer symbols
(λ)ρ=Γ(λ+ρ)Γ(λ)={1(ρ=0,λ∈C∖{0})λ(λ+1)…(λ+k−1)(ρ=k∈N;λ∈C), | (4) |
and
(λ)κ,ρ=Γk(λ+κρ)Γk(λ) | (5) |
The focus point of this paper is a newly studied special function namely λ-generalized gamma function as defined in [12]
Γλb(s;a)=∫∞0ts−1exp(−at−btλ)dt;(λ≧0;R(b)≧0;min[R(s),R(a)]>0). | (6) |
The λ-generalized gamma functions satisfy certain useful relations as investigated in [12] such as the generalized difference equation
Γλa,b(s+1)=saΓλa,b(s)+bλaΓλa,b(s−λ),(b≥0), | (7) |
and the following inequality known as log-convex property
Γλa,b(sp+uq)≤(Γλa,b(s))1p(Γλa,b(u))1q;(s,u∈R;1<p<∞;1p+1q=1). | (8) |
For, λ=1, (6) reduces to the following generalization of Γ(s) as defined in [13]
Γb(s)=∫∞0ts−1e−t−btdx,(R(s)>0,b≥0,). | (9) |
Further comprehensive details and new developments about gamma function can be found in recent important works [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] and references therein
Corresponding to each space of test functions there is a dual space known as space of distributions (or generalized functions). Consideration of such functions is vital due to their important property of representing the singular functions. In this way, one can apply different operations of calculus as in the case of classical functions. For the requirements of this investigation we need to mention about delta function, which is a commonly used singular function given by
〈δ(s−ω),℘(s)〉=℘(ω)(∀℘∈D,ω∈R) | (10) |
and
δ(−s)=δ(s);δ(ωs)=δ(s)|ω|,whereω≠0. | (11) |
An ample discussion and explanation of distributions (or generalized functions) has been presented in five different volumes by Gelfand and Shilov [37]. Functions having compact support and infinitely differentiable as well as fast decaying are commonly used test functions. The spaces containing such functions are denoted by D and S respectively. Obviously, corresponding duals are the spaces D' and S'. A mentionable fact about such spaces is that D and D' do not hold the closeness property with respect to Fourier transform but S and S' do. In this way it is remarkable that the elements of D' have Fourier transforms that form distributions for entire functions space Z whose Fourier transforms belong to D [38]. Further to this explanation, it is noticeable that as the entire function is nonzero for a particular range ω1<s<ω2, but zero otherwise so the following inclusion of above mentioned spaces holds
Z∩D≡0;Z⊂S⊂S'⊂Z';D⊂S⊂S'⊂D'. | (12) |
More specifically, space Z comprise of entire and analytic functions sustaining the subsequent criteria
|sq℘(s)|≤Cqeη|θ|;(q∈N0). | (13) |
Here and what follows, the numbers η and Cq are dependent on℘. The following identities ([37], Vol 1, p. 169, Eq (8)), ([38], (p. 159), Eq (4)), see also ([40], p. 201, Eq (9)) will be used in the proof of our main result
F[eαt;θ]=2πδ(θ−iα) | (14) |
g(s+b)=∑∞j=0g(j)(s)bjj!.∀g∈Z' | (15) |
δ(s+b)=∞∑j=0δ(j)(s)bjj!;where〈δ(j)(s),℘(s)〉=(−1)j℘(j)(0). | (16) |
δ(ω1−s)δ(s−ω2)=δ(ω1−ω2). | (17) |
Further such examples are sin(t),cos(t),sinht and cosht whose Fourier transformations are delta (singular) functions. The relevant detailed discussions about such spaces can be found in [37,38,39,40,41].
Throughout in this paper, except if mentioned particularly the conditions for the involved parameters are taken as stated in Sections (2.1) and (2.2).
In this section, computation of λ-generalized gamma function is given as a series of complex delta function but the discussion about its rigorous use as a generalized function over a space of test functions is a part of the next section.
Theorem 1. λ-generalized gamma function has the subsequent series representation
Γλb(s;a)=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!δ(θ–i(ν+n−λr)). | (18) |
Proof. A replacement of t=ex and s=ν+iθ in the integral representation of λ-generalized gamma function as given in (6) yields the following
Γλb(s;a)=∫∞−∞ex(ν+iθ)exp(−aex)exp(−be−λx)dx. | (19) |
Then the involved exponential function can be represented as
exp(−aex)exp(−be−λx)=∞∑n=0(−aex)nn!∞∑r=0(−be−λx)rr!. | (20) |
Next, combining the expressions (19) and (20) leads to the following
Γλb(s;a)=∫∞−∞eixθ∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!e(ν+n−λr)xdx, | (21) |
which gives
Γλb(s;a)=∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!∫∞−∞eixθe(ν+n−λr)xdx. | (22) |
The actions of summation and integration are exchangeable because the involved integral is uniformly convergent. An application of identity (14) produces the following
∫∞−∞eiθxe(ν+n−λr)xdx=F[e(ν+n−λr)x;θ]=2πδ(θ–i(ν+n−λr)). | (23) |
A combination of these Eqs (22) and (23) yields the required result (18).
Corollary 1 λ-generalized gamma function has the following series form
Γλb(s;a)=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(−i(ν+n−λr))pn!r!p!δ(p)(θ) | (24) |
Proof. Eq (24) can be obtained by considering the following combination of Eq (16) as well as Eq (23)
δ(θ–i(ν+n−λr))=∞∑p=0(−i(ν+n−λr))pp!δ(p)(θ) | (25) |
Next, by making use of this relation in (18) leads to the required form.
Corollary 2 λ-generalized gamma function has the following series form
Γλb(s;a)=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!δ(s+n−λr). | (26) |
Proof. Eq (23) can be rewritten as follows
∫∞−∞eiθxe(ν+n−λr)xdx=F[e(ν+n−λr)x;θ]=2πδ(θ–i(ν+n−λr))=2πδ[1i(iθ+(ν+n−λr))]=2π|i|δ(ν+iθ+n−λr)=2πδ(s+n−λr) | (27) |
Next, by making use of this relation in (18) leads to the required form.
Corollary 3 λ-generalized gamma function has the following series form
Γλb(s;a)=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)pn!r!p!δ(p)(s). | (28) |
Proof. A suitable combination of Eqs (16) and (26) gives
δ(s+n−λr)=∞∑p=0(n−λr)pp!δ(p)(s);〈δ(p)(s),℘(s)〉=(−1)p℘(p)(0), | (29) |
which is a key to the required form.
Remark 1. It is to be remarked that the following results are straightforward from the above corollaries for λ=1
Γb(s)=2π∞∑n,r=0(−1)n(−b)rn!r!δ(θ–i(ν+n−r)); | (30) |
Γb(s)=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−1)n(−b)r(−i(ν+n−r))pn!r!p!δ(p)(θ); | (31) |
Γb(s)=2π∞∑n,r=0(−1)n(b)rn!r!δ(s+n−r); | (32) |
Γb(s)=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−r)pn!r!p!δ(p)(s). | (33) |
Now, by putting b=0 leads to the following [24]
Γ(s)=2π∞∑n=0(−1)nn!δ(θ–i(ν+n))=2π∞∑n,r=0(−1)n(−i(ν+n))rn!r!δ(r)(θ); | (34) |
Γ(s)=2π∞∑n=0(−1)nn!δ(s+n); | (35) |
Γ(s)=2π∞∑n,r=0(−1)nnrn!r!δ(r)(s). | (36) |
It is noticeable that the above series representations are given in the form of delta function. Such functions make sense only if defined as distributions (generalized functions) over a space of test functions as discussed in Section (1.2). Consequently, one needs to be very careful to choose a suitable function for which this representation holds true. As an illustration, one can put b=0 in identity (26) and multiply it by 1Γλ0(s;a) to get the following
1=2π∞∑n=0(−a)nn!Γλ0(s;a)δ(s+n). | (37) |
Therefore, singular points of delta function at s=−n are canceled with the zeros of Γλ0(s;a) in this expression i.e lims→−nδ(s+n)Γλ0(−n;a)=lims→−n1s+n1s+n=lims→−ns+ns+n=1. Hence, by making use of
δ(t)={∞(t=0)0(t≠0), | (38) |
in the above statement (37), one can get the following
1={2πexp(−a)(s=−n)0(s∈C∖{−n}), | (39) |
which is false or inconsistent. At the same time, a consideration of the following special product
〈Γλ0(s;a),1Γλ0(s;a)〉=2π∞∑n=0(−a)nn!〈δ(s+n),1Γλ0(s;a)〉 | (40) |
gives the following
∫sϵC1ds=2π∞∑n=0(−a)nn!Γλ0(−n;a). | (41) |
Since 1Γλ0(−n;a)=0 due to the poles of gamma function and we get
∫sϵC1ds=0∫sϵC1ds=∫+∞−∞1ds=0⟹∞=0. | (42) |
Therefore, one needs to be very careful in making a choice of function to analyse the behavior of new series representation that is discussed in the next subsection.
λ-generalized gamma function Γλb(s;a) is expressed in a new form involving singular distributions namely delta function. Therefore, it is proved in the subsequent theorem that this new form of Γλb(s;a) is a generalized function (distribution) over Z (space of entire test function).
Theorem 2 Prove that Γλb(s;a) acts as a generalized function (distribution) over Z.
Proof. For each℘1(s),℘2(s)ϵZ and c1,c2ϵC
〈Γλb(s;a),c1℘1(s)+c2℘2(s)〉=〈2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!δ(s+n−λr),c1℘1(s)+c2℘2(s)〉 | (43) |
⟹〈Γλb(s;a),c1℘1(s)+c2℘2(s)〉=c1〈Γλb(s;a),℘1(s)〉+c2〈Γλb(s;a),℘2(s)〉. | (44) |
Then, for any sequence {℘κ}∞κ=1 in Z converging to zero one can assume that {〈δ(s+n−λr)),℘κ〉}∞κ=1→0 due to the continuity of δ(s)
⇒{〈Γλb(s;a),℘κ(s)〉}∞κ=1=2π∞∑n=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!{〈δ(s+n−λr)),℘κ(s)〉}∞κ=1→0 | (45) |
Henceforth, λ-generalized gamma function is a generalized function (distribution) over test function space Z due to the convergence of its new form (26) explored below
〈Γλb(s;a),℘(s)〉=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!〈δ(s+n−λr),℘(s)〉;(∀℘(s)ϵZ)=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!℘(λr−n), | (46) |
whereas,
〈δ(s+n−λr),℘(s)〉=℘(λr−n). | (47) |
One can observe that ∀℘ϵZ;℘(λr−n)are functions of slow growth as well as
sumoverthecoefficients=∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!=exp(−a−b) | (48) |
exists and is rapidly decreasing. Consequently, for ∀℘(s)ϵZ;〈Γλb(s;a),℘(s)〉 as a product of the functions of slow growth and rapid decay is convergent. Similarly, other special cases as given in (30–36) are also meaningful in the sense of distributions. This fact is also obvious by making use of basic Abel theorem.
Hence the behavior of this new series is discussed for the functions of slow growth but it is mentionable that this new series may converge for a larger class of functions. Consequently, new integrals of products of different functions in view of this new form of Γλb(s;a)areobtained. For example, start with a basic illustration i-e ℘(s)=τsξ(ξ>0;s∈C). Hence by considering (26) and shifting property of delta function the inner product 〈Γλb(s;a),℘(s)〉 yields
∫zϵCτsξΓλb(s;a)ds=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!τ−nξ+λrξ=2π∞∑n=0(−aτ−ξ)nn!(−bτλξ)rr!=2πexp(−aτ−ξ−bτλξ). | (49) |
Similarly, by considering the distributional form of generalized gamma function as given in (32), we obtain the following specific form of (49) with λ = a = 1
∫sϵCτsξΓ1b(s;1)ds=∫sϵCτsξΓb(s)ds=2π∞∑n=0(−τ−ξ)nn!(−bτξ)rr!=2πexp(−τ−ξ−bτξ). | (50) |
Remark 2. Sequences as well as sums of delta function have significant importance in diverse engineering problems, for example these are used as an electromotive force in electrical engineering. This is noticeable that if one multiplies {δ(s+n−λr)}∞n=0 with 2πexp(−a−b) then it will produce the distributional representation of λ-generalized gamma function. Furthermore, if one takes a=1=λ;b=0, then related outcome do hold for special cases as well. This discussion illustrates the possibility of further important identities. For instance if one considers τ=e−1 in (49) then it will compute Laplace transform of Γλb(s;a). Therefore it becomes more important to check the validation of such results that is discussed in the following section.
Considering t=ex as well as s=ν+iξ in (6), the λ-generalized gamma function can be expressed as a Fourier transform given below
Γλb(ν+iθ;a)=√2πF[eνxexp(−aex−be−λx);ξ](b>0), | (51) |
and considering λ=1, the generalized gamma function can be expressed as
Γb,1(ν+iθ)=Γb,1(ν+iθ)=√2πF[eνxexp(−ex−be−x);ξ]. | (52) |
Fourier transform of an arbitrary function u(t), satisfy the following
F[√2πF[u(t);θ];ξ]=2πu(−ξ). | (53) |
Hence, by applying this on identities (51–52), will lead to the following
F{Γλb(ν+iθ;a);ξ}=F[√2πF[eνxexp(−aex−be−λx)];ξ]=f(−ξ)=2πe−νξexp(−ae−ξ−beλξ), | (54) |
equivalently,
∫+∞−∞eiθξΓλb(ν+iθ;a)dθ=2πe−νξexp(−ae−ξ−beλξ), | (55) |
which is also obtainable as a specific case of our main result (49) by substituting τ=e;s=ν+iθ. Furthermore, a substitution ξ=0 in (55), leads to the following
∫+∞−∞Γλb(ν+iθ;a)dθ=2πexp(−a−b), | (56) |
which is also attainable as a precise case of our main result (49). Hence it is testified that the new representation of λ-generalized gamma function produces novel identities, which are unattainable by known techniques but specific forms of new identities are trustworthy with the known methods. Some interesting special cases are for a=1=λ
∫+∞−∞eiθξΓb(ν+iθ)dθ=2πe−1−b | (57) |
andξ=0=b |
∫+∞−∞Γ(ν+iθ)dθ=2πe. | (58) |
Remark 3. It is noticeable that the new obtained integrals contribute only the sum over residues due to the existing poles or singular points in the integrand, which is consistent with the basic result of complex analysis.
Next, an application of Parseval’s identity of Fourier transform in (54), leads to the following new results about λ-generalized gamma functions Γλb(s;a)
∫+∞−∞Γλb(ν+iθ;a)−Γλb(μ+iθ;a)dθ=2π∫∞0tν+μ−1e−2at−2bt−λdt=π21−(ν+μ)Γλ2λ+1b(ν+μ;a). | (59) |
A substitution a=1 in (59) leads to the following
∫+∞−∞Γλb(ν+iθ;1)¯Γλb(μ+iθ;1)dθ=2π∫∞0tν+μ−1e−2t−2btdt=π21−(ν+μ)Γ4b(ν+μ) | (60) |
and b=0 leads to the following known result [16,17]
∫+∞−∞|Γ(ν+iθ)|2dτ=∫∞0t2ν−1e−2tdt=π21−2νΓ(2ν). | (61) |
Here, by taking motivation from [38, Chapter 7], a list of basic properties of the λ-generalized gamma functions are stated and proved.
Theorem 3 λ-generalized gamma function holds the subsequent properties as a distribution
(ⅰ) 〈Γλb(s;a),℘1(s)+℘2(s)〉=〈Γλb(s;a),℘1(s)〉+〈Γλb(s;a),℘2(s)〉;∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅱ) 〈c1Γλb(s;a),℘(s)〉=〈Γλb(s;a),c1℘(s)〉;∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅲ) 〈Γλb(s−γ;a),℘(s)〉=〈Γλb(s;a),℘(s+γ)〉;∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅳ) 〈Γλb(c1s;a),℘(s)〉=〈Γλb(s;a),1c1℘(sc1)〉;∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅴ) 〈Γλb(c1s−γ;a),℘(s)〉=〈Γλb(s;a),1c1℘(sc1+γ)〉;∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅵ) ψ(s)ΓλbϵZ is a distribution over Z for any regular distrbution ψ(z).
(ⅶ) Γλ0(s+1)=sΓλ0(s)iff℘(s−1)=s℘(s)where℘∈Z
(ⅷ) 〈Γλb(s;a)(m)(s),℘(s)〉=∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!(−1)m℘m(−n+λr);∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅸ) Γλb(ω1−s;a)Γλb(s−ω2;a)=(2πexp(−a−b))2δ(ω1−ω2));∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅹ) 〈F[Γλb(s;a)],℘(s)〉=〈Γλb(s;a),F[℘](s)〉;∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅹⅰ) 〈F[Γλb(s;a)],F[℘(s)]〉=2π〈Γλb(s;a),℘(−s)〉;∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅹⅱ) 〈¯Γλb(s;a),F[℘(s)]〉=2π〈Γλb(s;a),℘T(s)〉, where ¯℘(−s)=℘T(s);∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅹⅲ) 〈F[Γλb(s;a)],¯F[℘(s)]〉=2π〈Γλb(s;a),℘T(s)〉;∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅹⅳ) 〈¯F[Γλb(s;a)],¯F[℘(s)]〉=2π〈F[Γλb(s;a)],F[℘(s)]〉;∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅹⅴ) F[Γλb(m)(s;a)]=[(−it)mΓλb(s;a)];∀℘(s)ϵZ
(ⅹⅵ) Γλb(s+c1;a)=∑∞n=0(c1)nn!Γλb(n)(s;a)∀℘(s)ϵZ
where c1,γandc2 are arbitrary real or complex constants.
Proof. It can be checked that the methodology to prove (ⅰ–ⅵ) is trivial that can be achieved by using the properties of delta function. Therefore, we start proving (ⅶ)
〈Γλ0(s+1;a),℘(s)〉=〈Γλ0(s;a),℘(s−1)〉, |
⟺〈sΓλ0(s;a),℘(s)〉=〈Γλ0(s;a),℘(s−1)〉, |
⟺〈Γλ0(s;a),s℘(s)〉=〈Γλ0(s;a),℘(s−1)〉, |
as required.
Next we prove result (viii) by making use of Eq (16) (see Section 2.1) and we get
〈Γλb(m)(s;a),℘(s)〉=∑∞n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!(−1)m℘m(−n+λr), |
which is meaningful and finite as a product of fastly decaying as well as slow growth functions.
Result (ⅸ) is proved here in view of relation (17) (see Section 2.1),
〈Γλb(ω1−s;a)Γλb(s−ω2),℘(s)〉=(2π∑∞n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!)2〈δ(ω1−ω2),℘(s)〉 |
=(2πexp(−a−b))2〈δ(ω1−ω2)),℘(s)〉. |
Identities (ⅹ)–(ⅹⅴ) can also be proved in view of different properties of delta function. Let us start proving (ⅹ)
〈F[Γλb(s;a)],℘(s)〉=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!〈F[δ(s+n−λr)],℘(s)〉 |
=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!〈δ(s+n−λr),F[℘(s)]〉=〈Γλb(s;a),F[℘(s)]〉. |
Next result (ⅹⅰ–ⅹⅱ) are proved as follows
〈F[Γλb(s;a)],F[℘(s)]〉=〈Γλb(s;a),F[F[℘(s)]]〉=2π〈Γλb(s;a),℘(−s)〉, |
〈¯F[Γλb(s;a)],F[℘(s)]〉=2π〈F[Γλb(s;a)],¯F[℘(s)]〉=2π〈F[Γλb(s;a)],¯℘(−s)〉=2π〈Γλb(s;a),℘T(s)〉, |
whereas the transpose of ℘ is denoted by ℘T. Proof of the results (ⅹⅲ)-(ⅹⅳ) are
〈F[Γλb(s;a)],¯F[℘(s)]〉=2π〈Γλb(s;a),¯℘(−s)〉=2π〈Γλb(s;a),℘T(s)〉 |
〈¯F[Γλb(s;a)],¯F[℘(s)]〉=2π〈F[Γλb(s;a)],¯¯F[℘(s)]〉=2π〈F[Γλb(s;a)],F[℘(s)]〉, |
whereas the last line follows in view of Parseval’s formula of Fourier transform. The proof of (ⅹⅴ) is as follows
⟨F[Γλ(1)b(s;a)],℘(s)⟩=⟨Γλb(s;a),F[℘(1)(s)]⟩ |
〈F[Γλb(1)(s;a)],℘(s)〉=〈Γλb(s;a),(−it)℘(s)e−ist〉 |
〈F[Γλb(1)(s;a)],℘(s)〉=〈(−it)F[Γλb(s;a)],℘(s)〉 |
〈F[Γλb(1)(s;a)],℘(s)〉=〈(−it)F[Γλb(s;a)],℘(s)〉. |
and so on, we get
〈F[Γλb(m)(s;a)],℘(s)〉=〈(−it)mF[Γλb(s;a)],℘(s)〉, |
as the requirement of (xv). The last result (xvi) is true in view of the statement mentioned in [38, p. 201], “Suppose f∈Z' and ∆ is a complex constant then the translation of the function f by the quantity −∆ is represented by f(z+∆)=∑∞n=0(∆)nn!f(n)(z).” Consequently, we get
〈Γλb(s+c1;a),℘(s)〉=〈Γλb(s;a),℘(s−c1)〉=limν→∞〈Γλb(s;a),∑νn=0(−c1)nn!℘(n)(s)〉 |
=limν→∞〈ν∑n=0(c1)nn!Γλb(n)(s;a),℘(s)〉, |
as required.
Remark 4. Space of generalized functions denoted by D' is mapped onto Z' with the help of Fourier transformation and similarly this mapping can be inverted from Z' onto D' [38, p. 203]. Both ways, it is a continuous linear mapping. Therefore, (54) explores that 2πe−νξexp(−aeξ−be−λξ)∈D'. In the same way if one considers (55) and invert it by Fourier transform then F{Γλb(s;a)}∈D'.
Being a singular generalized function, delta function is a linear mapping that maps every function to its value at zero. Due to this property, this new representation has the power to calculate the integrals, which are divergent in the classical sense.
Let us consider (28) and restrict the variable s=t, to real numbers then we have
Γλb(t;a)=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)pn!r!p!δ(p)(t) | (62) |
that can be defined over S, that means it is a distribution in S' because it is convergent for rapidly decreasing and infinitely differentiable functions at 0, such that
〈Γλb(t;a),℘(t)〉=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)pn!r!p!〈δ(p)(t),℘(t)〉=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)pn!r!p!(−1)p℘(p)(0). | (63) |
Next, we take a wider space of infinitely differentiable functions whose derivatives of all order at 0 exist and release the condition of rapidly decreasing. Here we consider some examples
Example 1. Let ℘(t)=ect then ℘(p)(0)=cp; p=0,1,2,3…
Γλb(t;a),ect=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)pn!r!p!(−1)pcp=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!e−cn+λrc=2πexp(−ae−c−beλc) | (64) |
Example 2. Let ℘(t)=sinct then ℘(2p+1)(0)=(−1)pc2p+1;℘(2p)(0)=0
〈Γλb(t;a),℘(t)〉=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)2p+1n!r!(2p+1)!(−1)2p+1(−1)pc2p+1 |
=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rsinc(λr−n)n!r! |
=IMG(2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rei(c(λr−n))n!r!) |
=IMG(2π∞∑n,r=0(−ae−ic)n(−beicλ)rn!r!) |
=IMG(2πexp(−ae−ic−beicλ)) | (65) |
Similarly, ℘(t)=cosct then
℘(2p)(0)=(−1)pc2p;℘(2p+1)(0)=0 |
〈Γλb(t;a),℘(t)〉=Re(2πexp(−ae−ic−beicλ)) | (66) |
Example 3. Let ℘(t)=11−t then ℘(p)(0)=p!
〈Γλb(t;a),11−t〉=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(−1)p(n−λr)pn!r!p!p!=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!(1+n−λr) | (67) |
Example 4. Let ℘(t)=ln(1+t) then ℘(p)(0)=(−1)p+1(p−1)!
〈Γλb(t;a),ln(1+t)〉=2π∞∑n,r=0;p=1(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)pn!r!p!(−1)2p+1(p−1)! |
=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rln(1−n+λr)n!r! | (68) |
Example 5. Let ℘(t)=arctant then ℘(2p+1)(0)=−(2p)!and℘(2p)(0)=0;
Γλb(t;a),arctant=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)2p+1(−1)2p+1n!r!(2p+1)!−(2p)!=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rarctan(λr−n)n!r! | (69) |
These examples show that new representation of the λ-generalized gamma function is meaningful for all those functions who have derivatives of all orders at 0. This statement can also be generalized as “The new representation of the λ-generalized gamma functions is valid for complex analytic functions at s=0”. It is also convergent for all complex analytic functions (who have derivatives of all orders at 0) that also means that example 1–5 are consistent if we consider complex s instead of real t. Similar results hold for the special cases of the λ-generalized gamma functions i.e, extended gamma, and gamma functions given by Eqs (28), (32) and (36).
As already stated as a distribution, the Dirac delta function is a linear functional that maps every function to its value at zero. Due to this property, this new representation has the power to calculate the integrals, which cannot be calculated by using classical method. For example, let ℘(t)=ectk then,
Γλ0(t;a),℘(t)=2π∞∑n=0(−a)nn!δ(t+n),℘(t)=2π∞∑n=0(−a)nn!℘(−n)〈Γλ0(t;a),ectN〉=2π∞∑n=0(−a)nn!〈δ(t+n),℘(t)〉=2π∞∑n=0(−a)nn!exp(−c(n)N) | (70) |
It is to be remarked that new representation is convergent for rapidly increasing functions. The integral of rapidly increasing functions is always a challenge nevertheless; this generalized extension of the function has the capacity to do so and it can be defined over the space of rapidly increasing functions. The integral of gamma function is finite so multiplying it with rapidly decreasing function is always convergent. That is trivial to prove. Next, we discuss some further special cases by considering [38, p. 55, problem 10]
tNδ(r)(t)={0r<N(−1)nN!δ(t)r=N(−1)nN!(r−N)!δ(r−N)(t)r>N | (71) |
Therefore,
tNΓ(t)=2π∞∑n,r=0(−1)nn!nrr!tNδ(r)(t)=0+2π∞∑n(−1)nn!nNN!(−1)nN!δ(t)+2π∞∑n,r=N+1(−1)nn!nNN!(−1)nN!(r−N)!δ(r−N)(t)⟨tNΓ(t),℘(t)⟩=2π∞∑n(−1)nn!nNN!(−1)nN!⟨δ(t),℘(t)⟩+2π∞∑n,r=N+1(−1)nn!nNN!(−1)nN!(r−N)!⟨δ(r−N)(t),℘(t)⟩=2π∞∑n(−1)nn!nNN!(−1)nN!℘(0)+2π∞∑n,r=N+1(−1)nn!nNN!(−1)nN!(r−N)!℘(r−N)(0) | (72) |
It is meaningful for a class of functions that have derivatives of all orders at point t=0. By using these new representations obtained for the family of gamma functions, it can be observed that all the results that hold for the Laplace transform of delta function, similarly hold for the family of gamma functions, for example
L{δ(r)(s)}=zp | (73) |
Therefore,
L(Γλb(s;a))=L(2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)pn!r!p!δ(p)(s))L(Γλb(s;a))=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)pn!r!p!L(δ(p)(s))=2π∞∑n,r,p=0(−a)n(−b)r(n−λr)pn!r!p!zp=2πexp(−aez−be−λz). | (74) |
This gives
L(Γb(s))=2πexp(−ez−be−λz)L{Γ(s)}=2πexp(−ez)} | (75) |
That yields further,
L(Γb(s−c))=2πe−zcexp(−ez−be−z)L{Γ(s−c)}=2πe−zcexp(−ez)} | (76) |
It can be remarked that all the results that hold for delta function can be applied to the family of gamma functions by using this new representation. It is due to the reason that the sum over the coefficients of the new representation is finite and well defined as given in (51).
By considering the classical theory of the family of gamma function, for example Eqs (2)–(6), we can note that gamma function has poles at s=−n but λ-generalized gamma function extends the definition because the exponential factor in the integrand involves parameter b>0. Same fact holds for our new representation, that can be easily proved by taking
δ(−n+n−λr)=δ(−λr)=δ(λr)=0;(r,λ≠0) |
That means for b>0, our new representation is meaningful at s=−n
〈Γλb(−n;a),℘(λr)〉=2πexp(−a−b);b>0. | (77) |
Γλb(−n;a),,℘(λr)=2π∞∑r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!δ(λr),℘(λr)=2π∞∑r=1(−a)n(−b)rr!℘(0);b>0. |
By assuming ℘(0)=1, the above equation implies that
Γλb(−n;a),℘(λr)=2πexp(−a−b);b>0. |
Nevertheless when b=0 then the terms involving λ disappear and at s=−n, we get
Γλ0(−n;a)=2π∞∑n,r=0(−a)n(−0)rn!r!δ(0)=∞ |
that is undefined similar to as classical representation of gamma functions. For a=1;b=0 we get the generalized representation of original gamma function that has singularities at s=−n. The similar fact holds in classical theory.
The combination of distribution theory with different integral transforms is well explored for the analysis of partial differential equations (PDE). Numerous practical questions are impossible to be answered by applying the known techniques but became possible by using this combination. In this paper, a new form of the λ-generalized gamma function is discussed by using delta function so that a new definition of these functions is established for a particular set of test functions. Extensive results are obtained by exploring the details of distributional concepts for λ-generalized gamma function and enlightening their applications for the solution of new problems. As an illustration, we consider the famous Riemann zeta function for the interval 0<R(s)<1, as follows
〈Γλb(s;a),ζ(s)〉=2π∑∞n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!〈δ(s+n−λr),ζ(s)〉 = 2π∑∞n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!ζ(−n+λr),
and for λ=2, we have an integral of extended Gaussian function
〈Γ2b(s;a),ζ(s)〉=2π∑∞n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!〈δ(s+n−2r),ζ(s)〉 = 2π∑∞n,r=0(−a)n(−b)rn!r!ζ(−n+2r)
and for a=1;b=0, it yields the following
〈Γ(s),ζ(s)〉=2π∞∑n=0(−1)nn!ζ(−n)=2πe−1−2π. |
λ-generalized gamma function precisely specifies the original gamma function and therefore led to novel outcomes involving different special cases of gamma function. The λ-generalized gamma function and its different special cases are fundamental in different disciplines such as engineering, astronomy and related sciences. Method of computing the new identities involves the desired simplicity. Here we presented only a small number of examples. Further, it is expected that the results obtained in this study will prove significant for further development of λ-generalized gamma function in future work.
The author extends appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for funding this work under Project Number (RGP-2019-28). The author is also very thankful to the editors and reviewers for their valuable suggestions to improve the manuscript in its present form.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
[1] |
J. N. Zhao, Existence and nonexistence of solution for ut=div(|∇u|p−2∇u)+f(∇u,u,x,t), J. Math. Anal. Appl., 172 (1993), 130–146. doi: 10.1006/jmaa.1993.1012
![]() |
[2] |
P. Pucci, M. Q. Xiang, B. L. Zhang, A diffusion problem of Kirchhoff type involving the nonlocal fractional p-Laplacian, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 37 (2017), 4035–4051. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2017171
![]() |
[3] |
C. N. Le, X. T. Le, Global solution and blow-up for a class of pseudo p-Laplacian evolution equations with logarithmic nonlinearity, Acta. Math. Appl., 151 (2017), 149–169. doi: 10.1007/s10440-017-0106-5
![]() |
[4] |
T. Sarra, A. Zarai, B. Salah, Decay estimate and nonextinction of solutions of p-Laplacian nonlocal heat equations, AIMS Math., 5 (2020), 1663–1679. doi: 10.3934/math.2020112
![]() |
[5] | N. Mezouar, S. M. Boulaaras, A. Allahem, Global existence of solutions for the viscoelastic Kirchhoff equation with logarithmic source terms, Complexity, 2020 (2020), 1–25. |
[6] |
Y. L. Li, D. B. Wang, J. L. Zhang, Sign-changing solutions for a class of p-Laplacian Kirchhoff-type problem with logarithmic nonlinearity, AIMS Math., 5 (2020), 2100–2112. doi: 10.3934/math.2020139
![]() |
[7] | D. Han, J. Zhou, Global existence and blow-up for a parabolic problem of Kirchhoff type with logarithmic nonlinearity, Appl. Math. Optim., 2019 (2019), 1–57. |
[8] |
J. Zhou, Ground state solution for a fourth-order elliptic equation with logarithmic nonlinearity modeling epitaxial growth, Comput. Math. Appl., 78 (2019), 1878–1886. doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2019.03.025
![]() |
[9] | H. Ding, J. Zhou, Global existence and blow-up for a mixed pseudo-parabolic p-Laplacian type equation with logarithmic nonlinearity, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 98 (2019), 1–35. |
[10] | F. Sun, L. Liu, Y. Wu, Global existence and finite time blow-up of solutions for the semilinear pseudo-parabolic equation with a memory term, Appl. Anal., 98 (2017), 735–755. |
[11] | L. M. Song, Positive Solutions for Fractional Differential Equation with p-Laplacian Operator and Sign-changing Nonlinearity, J. Math. Pract., 19 (2015), 254–258. |
[12] | S. Y. Chung, J. H. Park, A complete characterization of extinction versus positivity of solutions to a parabolic problem of p-Laplacian type in graphs, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 1 (2017), 226–245. |
[13] |
W. J. Liu, K. W. Chen, J. Yu, Extinction and asymptotic behavior of solutions for the ω-heat equation on graphs with source and interior absorption, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 435 (2016), 112–132. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2015.10.024
![]() |
[14] | W. J. Liu, Extinction properties of solutions for a class of fast diffusive p-Laplacian equations, Nonlinear Anal. Theory Methods Appl., 74 (2011), 4520–4532. |
[15] | Y. Cao, C. Liu, Initial boundary value problem for a mixed pseudo-parabolic p-Laplacian type equation with logarithmic nonlinearity, Electron. J. Differ. Equ., 116 (2018), 1–19. |
[16] | P. Dai, C. Mu, G. Xu, Blow-up phenomena for a pseudo-parabolic equation with p-Laplacian and logarithmic nonlinearity terms, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 481 (2019), 123439. |
[17] |
M. Q. Xiang, D. Yang, Nonlocal Kirchhoff problems: Extinction and non-extinction of solutions, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 477 (2019), 133–152. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2019.04.020
![]() |
[18] | F. Zeng, P. Shi, M. Jiang, Global existence and finite time blow-up for a class of fractional p-Laplacian Kirchhoff type equations with logarithmic nonlinearity, AIMS Math., 6 (2021), 2559–2578. |
[19] |
D. Hang, J. Zhou, Comments on blow-up and decay for a class of pseudo-parabolic p-Laplacian equation with logarithmic nonlinearity, Comput. Math. Appl., 75 (2018), 459–469. doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2017.09.027
![]() |
[20] | E. Piskin, S. Boulaaras, N. Irkil, Qualitative analysis of solutions for the p-Laplacian hyperbolic equation with logarithmic nonlinearity, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 44 (2020), 4654–4672. |
[21] | A. Choucha, S. Boulaaras, D. Ouchenane, S. Beloul, General decay of nonlinear viscoelastic Kirchhoff equation with Balakrishnan-Taylor damping, logarithmic nonlinearity and distributed delay terms, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 44 (2020), 5436–5457. |
[22] | M. Q. Xiang, D. Hu, D. Yang, Least energy solutions for fractional Kirchhoff problems with logarithmic nonlinearity, Nonlinear Anal., 198 (2020), 111899. |
[23] |
M. Pino, J. Dolbeault, I. Gentil, Nonlinear diffusions, hypercontractivity and the optimal Lp-Euclidean logarithmic Sobolev inequality, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 293 (2004), 375–388. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2003.10.009
![]() |
[24] | T. Boudjeriou, On the diffusion p(x)-Laplacian with logarithmic nonlinearity, J. Ell. Par. Equ., 146 (2020), 1–22. |
[25] | S. Chen, The extinction behavior of solutions for a class of reaction diffusion equations, Appl. Math. Mech., 11 (2001), 122–126. |
[26] |
T. Boudjeriou, Global Existence and blow-up for the fractional p-Laplacian with logarithmic nonlinearity, Mediterr. J. Math., 17 (2020), 1–24. doi: 10.1007/s00009-019-1430-y
![]() |
1. | Asifa Tassaddiq, A New Representation of the Generalized Krätzel Function, 2020, 8, 2227-7390, 2009, 10.3390/math8112009 | |
2. | Asifa Tassaddiq, Kwara Nantomah, Zine El Abiddine Fellah, Unified Approach to Fractional Calculus Images Involving the Pathway Transform of Extended k -Gamma Function and Applications, 2022, 2022, 1687-9139, 1, 10.1155/2022/9698299 | |
3. | Asifa Tassaddiq, Rekha Srivastava, New Results Involving the Generalized Krätzel Function with Application to the Fractional Kinetic Equations, 2023, 11, 2227-7390, 1060, 10.3390/math11041060 | |
4. | Asifa Tassaddiq, Abdulrahman Alruban, Ming-Sheng Liu, On Modifications of the Gamma Function by Using Mittag-Leffler Function, 2021, 2021, 2314-4785, 1, 10.1155/2021/9991762 | |
5. | Umar Muhammad ABUBAKAR, Muhammad Lawan KAURANGİNİ, New extension of beta, Gauss and confluent hypergeometric functions, 2021, 42, 2587-2680, 663, 10.17776/csj.840774 | |
6. | Asifa Tassaddiq, Rekha Srivastava, New Results Involving Riemann Zeta Function Using Its Distributional Representation, 2022, 6, 2504-3110, 254, 10.3390/fractalfract6050254 | |
7. | Asifa Tassaddiq, A new representation of the extended k ‐gamma function with applications , 2021, 44, 0170-4214, 11174, 10.1002/mma.7480 | |
8. | Rui Liu, Zhiyuan Zhang, Xin Tian, Scanning‐Driven Photon‐Counting 3D Imaging through Scattering Media Via Asynchronous Polarization Modulation, 2024, 18, 1863-8880, 10.1002/lpor.202300916 | |
9. | Asifa Tassaddiq, Carlo Cattani, Fractional distributional representation of gamma function and the generalized kinetic equation, 2023, 82, 11100168, 577, 10.1016/j.aej.2023.10.004 | |
10. | Asifa Tassaddiq, Carlo Cattani, Rabab Alharbi, Ruhaila Md Kasmani, Sania Qureshi, Operational Calculus of the Quantum Statistical Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein Functions Leading to the Novel Fractional Kinetic Equations, 2024, 8, 2504-3110, 749, 10.3390/fractalfract8120749 |