Nano-technological advancements in multimodal diagnosis and treatment

Dinesh Bhatia; Tania Acharjee; Shruti Shukla; Monika Bhatia; Dinesh Bhatia; Tania Acharjee; Shruti Shukla; Monika Bhatia

doi:10.3934/biophy.2024026

AIMS Biophysics

2024, Volume 11, Issue 4: 464-507. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2024026

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Review

Nano-technological advancements in multimodal diagnosis and treatment

1.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University (NEHU, A Central University) Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
2.
Department of Nanotechnology, North Eastern Hill University (NEHU, A Central University) Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
3.
School of Management, Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT), Shillong-793018, Meghalaya, India

Received: 21 September 2024 Revised: 03 November 2024 Accepted: 11 November 2024 Published: 21 November 2024

Nanomedicine, which is blazing new trails in modern healthcare, exploits the distinctive attributes of nanoparticles (NPs) to reimagine diagnosis and therapy. With imaging, this “magic ammunition” enhances the capability of MRI, a noninvasive, high-resolution technology that can pinpoint cancers with astonishing precision. Unlike traditional treatments, which muddle the distinction between diseased and healthy tissue, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) directly target tumors, using increased permeability and retention (EPR) effects for crystal-clear, early-stage detection. While gadolinium (Gd (III)) T1 agents are the most widely used in clinical practice, iron oxide T2 agents have fallen out of favor due to failing to perform. Beyond imaging, NPs offer a “one-two punch” in the treatment of complicated disorders by enabling photothermal (PTT), photodynamic (PDT), and multimodal therapies (MMT), as well as nano drug delivery systems (NDDS). This nanotechnology-based technique personalizes medicines for diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), focusing on damaged tissues to improve therapeutic response. In tuberculosis, NPs circumvent medication resistance by delivering medicines directly to infected cells, thus avoiding biological barriers that impede standard treatments. Similarly, in CVD, NPs target arterial plaques to improve treatment accuracy while reducing systemic adverse effects. Furthermore, the genomic “blueprint” is evolving parallel to nanotechnology, with India's “Genome India” initiative mapping 10,000 genomes, lighting the path for genetic chips suited for specific disorders and moment tests. The convergence of nanotechnology and genomes is an arcade modification, bringing accuracy and personalization to the forefront of cancer and tuberculosis treatment.
- nanotechnology,
- theranostics,
- diagnosis,
- regenerative medicine,
- nano-particles
Citation: Dinesh Bhatia, Tania Acharjee, Shruti Shukla, Monika Bhatia. Nano-technological advancements in multimodal diagnosis and treatment[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2024, 11(4): 464-507. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2024026

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Abstract

Nanomedicine, which is blazing new trails in modern healthcare, exploits the distinctive attributes of nanoparticles (NPs) to reimagine diagnosis and therapy. With imaging, this “magic ammunition” enhances the capability of MRI, a noninvasive, high-resolution technology that can pinpoint cancers with astonishing precision. Unlike traditional treatments, which muddle the distinction between diseased and healthy tissue, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) directly target tumors, using increased permeability and retention (EPR) effects for crystal-clear, early-stage detection. While gadolinium (Gd (III)) T1 agents are the most widely used in clinical practice, iron oxide T2 agents have fallen out of favor due to failing to perform. Beyond imaging, NPs offer a “one-two punch” in the treatment of complicated disorders by enabling photothermal (PTT), photodynamic (PDT), and multimodal therapies (MMT), as well as nano drug delivery systems (NDDS). This nanotechnology-based technique personalizes medicines for diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), focusing on damaged tissues to improve therapeutic response. In tuberculosis, NPs circumvent medication resistance by delivering medicines directly to infected cells, thus avoiding biological barriers that impede standard treatments. Similarly, in CVD, NPs target arterial plaques to improve treatment accuracy while reducing systemic adverse effects. Furthermore, the genomic “blueprint” is evolving parallel to nanotechnology, with India's “Genome India” initiative mapping 10,000 genomes, lighting the path for genetic chips suited for specific disorders and moment tests. The convergence of nanotechnology and genomes is an arcade modification, bringing accuracy and personalization to the forefront of cancer and tuberculosis treatment.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support of library resources and facilities available at the North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, Meghalaya, India and Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT), Shillong, Meghalaya, India in preparation of this comprehensive review on multi-modal diagnosis and treatment due to advancements in nano-technological techniques. The authors acknowledge and express their sincere gratitude to all concerned individuals for their support and cooperation in the preparation of this manuscript since more than a year.

Conflict of interest

Authors report no conflict of interest in preparation of the manuscript.

Author contributions

Conceptualization, D.B. and T.A.; methodology, D.B., T.A., S.S. and M.B..; software, D.B., T.A. and S.S..; validation, D.B. and T.A.; formal analysis, D.B. and S.S..; investigation, D.B., T.A. and M.B.; resources, D.B. and T.A..; data curation, D.B., T.A., S.S. and M.B..; writing—original draft preparation, D.B., T.A.; writing—review and editing, D.B., T.A., S.S. and M.B.; visualization, D.B. and S.S.; supervision, D.B., S.S. and M.B. project administration, D.B.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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