The interaction between language and working memory: a systematic review of fMRI studies in the past two decades

Zoha Deldar; Carlos Gevers-Montoro; Ali Khatibi; Ladan Ghazi-Saidi; Zoha Deldar; Carlos Gevers-Montoro; Ali Khatibi; Ladan Ghazi-Saidi

doi:10.3934/Neuroscience.2021001

AIMS Neuroscience

2021, Volume 8, Issue 1: 1-32. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2021001

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The interaction between language and working memory: a systematic review of fMRI studies in the past two decades

1.
Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
2.
Madrid College of Chiropractic, Real Centro Universitario María Cristina, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid, Spain
3.
Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
4.
Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
5.
Language and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Communication Disorders, College of Education, University of Nebraska at Kearney, USA
^† Zoha Deldar and Carlos Gevers-Montoro contributed equally to this work

Received: 03 September 2020 Accepted: 10 November 2020 Published: 16 November 2020

Language processing involves other cognitive domains, including Working Memory (WM). Much detail about the neural correlates of language and WM interaction remains unclear. This review summarizes the evidence for the interaction between WM and language obtained via functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in the past two decades. The search was limited to PubMed, Google Scholar, Science direct and Neurosynth for working memory, language, fMRI, neuroimaging, cognition, attention, network, connectome keywords. The exclusion criteria consisted of studies including children, older adults, bilingual or multilingual population, clinical cases, music, sign language, speech, motor processing, review papers, meta-analyses, electroencephalography/event-related potential, and positron emission tomography. A total of 20 articles were included and discussed in four categories: language comprehension, language production, syntax, and networks. Studies on neural correlates of WM and language interaction are rare. Language tasks that involve WM activate common neural systems. Activated areas can be associated with cognitive concepts proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974), including the phonological loop of WM (mainly Broca and Wernicke's areas), other prefrontal cortex and right hemispheric regions linked to the visuospatial sketchpad. There is a clear, dynamic interaction between language and WM, reflected in the involvement of subcortical structures, particularly the basal ganglia (caudate), and of widespread right hemispheric regions. WM involvement is levered by cognitive demand in response to task complexity. High WM capacity readers draw upon buffer memory systems in midline cortical areas to decrease the WM demands for efficiency. Different dynamic networks are involved in WM and language interaction in response to the task in hand for an ultimate brain function efficiency, modulated by language modality and attention.
- language,
- working memory,
- neuroimaging,
- fMRI,
- neural networks,
- cognitive processing,
- neurocognition,
- verbal working memory,
- interaction
Citation: Zoha Deldar, Carlos Gevers-Montoro, Ali Khatibi, Ladan Ghazi-Saidi. The interaction between language and working memory: a systematic review of fMRI studies in the past two decades[J]. AIMS Neuroscience, 2021, 8(1): 1-32. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2021001

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Abstract

Language processing involves other cognitive domains, including Working Memory (WM). Much detail about the neural correlates of language and WM interaction remains unclear. This review summarizes the evidence for the interaction between WM and language obtained via functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in the past two decades. The search was limited to PubMed, Google Scholar, Science direct and Neurosynth for working memory, language, fMRI, neuroimaging, cognition, attention, network, connectome keywords. The exclusion criteria consisted of studies including children, older adults, bilingual or multilingual population, clinical cases, music, sign language, speech, motor processing, review papers, meta-analyses, electroencephalography/event-related potential, and positron emission tomography. A total of 20 articles were included and discussed in four categories: language comprehension, language production, syntax, and networks. Studies on neural correlates of WM and language interaction are rare. Language tasks that involve WM activate common neural systems. Activated areas can be associated with cognitive concepts proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974), including the phonological loop of WM (mainly Broca and Wernicke's areas), other prefrontal cortex and right hemispheric regions linked to the visuospatial sketchpad. There is a clear, dynamic interaction between language and WM, reflected in the involvement of subcortical structures, particularly the basal ganglia (caudate), and of widespread right hemispheric regions. WM involvement is levered by cognitive demand in response to task complexity. High WM capacity readers draw upon buffer memory systems in midline cortical areas to decrease the WM demands for efficiency. Different dynamic networks are involved in WM and language interaction in response to the task in hand for an ultimate brain function efficiency, modulated by language modality and attention.

Abbreviation WM: Working memory; fMRI: functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; IFG: Inferior Frontal Gyrus; BA: Brodmann area; STG: Superior Temporal Gyrus; SMA: Supplementary motor area; Pre-SMA: Pre-Supplementary motor area; AF: Arcuate Fasciculus; DLPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex; DMN: Default-Mode network; EEG/ERP: Electroencephalography/Event-Related potential; PET: Positron Emission Tomography; MTG: Middle Temporal Gyrus; PCC: Posterior cingulate cortex; OFC: Orbitofrontal cortex; MD: Multiple demand;

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no competing interests and no relationship that may lead to any conflict of interest.

¹ The n-back task is administered broadly to study WM. The task consists of a list of visual or auditory stimuli that is presented to participants. They are instructed to indicate whether each stimulus is a correct match with the n^th stimulus presented before. The n-back task demands constantly storing, updating information and inhibiting distractors. The cognitive load can be altered in this task by changing the value of n, which correspondingly may affect accuracy and reaction times. In the n-back task, visual or auditory stimuli are stored in the phonological loop or visuospatial sketchpad loop while selecting the correct answer depends on the central executive function. The central executive function is responsible for updating information and inhibiting the processing of irrelevant information. Brain functions linked to different types of WM (such as visuospatial WM) can be examined by using n-back tasks.

² The WM span tasks are divided into two main categories: simple and complex span tasks. The simple span task requires encoding a list of items (e.g., words) and maintaining that information during short delay periods and then recalling them. On the other hand, the complex span task includes presenting a list of items and asking participants to memorize them while performing another cognitive task (e.g., mathematics problem-solving, reading) and then recalling them. Performing the distractive task while maintaining task-relevant information makes the maintaining phase more difficult by directing attention towards task-irrelevant information. The span tasks, particularly complex span tasks, need storing, updating information and inhibiting distractors.

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