Stabilizing lead bullets in shooting range soil by phosphate-based surface coating

Junhua Guo; Bin Hua; Na Li; John Yang; Junhua Guo; Bin Hua; Na Li; John Yang

doi:10.3934/environsci.2016.3.474

AIMS Environmental Science

2016, Volume 3, Issue 3: 474-487. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2016.3.474

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Stabilizing lead bullets in shooting range soil by phosphate-based surface coating

1.
Department of Agriculture & Environmental Science, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65102, USA
2.
Insitute of Soil and Water Conservation, Liao Ning Academy of Agricultural Science, Chao Yang 122000, China

Received: 10 May 2016 Accepted: 02 August 2016 Published: 09 August 2016

Soil lead (Pb) is well known as a threat to human health and ecosystem. Although relatively insoluble, lead bullets in shooting range soil can be readily released into soluble forms through natural weathering processes and thus pose significant human and environmental risks. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate if the Pb bullets in shooting range soil can be stabilized through surface coating of phosphate-based materials. Results indicated that FePO₄ or AlPO₄ coatings, insoluble metal phosphates, have been successfully formed on the surface of the Pb bullets. The EPA Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test showed that FePO₄ or AlPO₄ surface coating would effectively reduce the Pb solubility or leachability of the bullets. The surface coating under pH of <5.5 for 7 days could achieve 92–100% reduction, with 85–98% by FePO₄ coating and 77–98% by AlPO₄ coating as compared with the non-coating. Leachable Pb concentration in the contaminated shooting range soil was reduced by 85–98% or 77–98% as a result of the FePO₄ or AlPO₄ solution treatment. This study demonstrated that the FePO₄ or AlPO₄–based surface coating on lead bullets can effectively inhibit the Pb weathering and significantly reduce the Pb release from soil through in situ chemical stabilization, which could be potentially applicable as a cost-effective and environmental-sound technology for the remediation of Pb-contaminated shooting range soil.
- Lead bullet,
- soil contamination,
- surface coating,
- lead stabilization,
- soil remediation
Citation: Junhua Guo, Bin Hua, Na Li, John Yang. Stabilizing lead bullets in shooting range soil by phosphate-based surface coating[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2016, 3(3): 474-487. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2016.3.474

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Abstract

Soil lead (Pb) is well known as a threat to human health and ecosystem. Although relatively insoluble, lead bullets in shooting range soil can be readily released into soluble forms through natural weathering processes and thus pose significant human and environmental risks. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate if the Pb bullets in shooting range soil can be stabilized through surface coating of phosphate-based materials. Results indicated that FePO₄ or AlPO₄ coatings, insoluble metal phosphates, have been successfully formed on the surface of the Pb bullets. The EPA Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test showed that FePO₄ or AlPO₄ surface coating would effectively reduce the Pb solubility or leachability of the bullets. The surface coating under pH of <5.5 for 7 days could achieve 92–100% reduction, with 85–98% by FePO₄ coating and 77–98% by AlPO₄ coating as compared with the non-coating. Leachable Pb concentration in the contaminated shooting range soil was reduced by 85–98% or 77–98% as a result of the FePO₄ or AlPO₄ solution treatment. This study demonstrated that the FePO₄ or AlPO₄–based surface coating on lead bullets can effectively inhibit the Pb weathering and significantly reduce the Pb release from soil through in situ chemical stabilization, which could be potentially applicable as a cost-effective and environmental-sound technology for the remediation of Pb-contaminated shooting range soil.

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