Diet of an underappreciated benthic intertidal fish, <em>Cryptacanthodes maculatus</em> (Cryptacanthodidae), in eastern Maine, USA

Brian F. Beal; Summer D. Meredith; Cody B. Jourdet; Kyle E. Pepperman; Brian F. Beal; Summer D. Meredith; Cody B. Jourdet; Kyle E. Pepperman

doi:10.3934/environsci.2016.3.488

AIMS Environmental Science

2016, Volume 3, Issue 3: 488-508. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2016.3.488

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Diet of an underappreciated benthic intertidal fish, Cryptacanthodes maculatus (Cryptacanthodidae), in eastern Maine, USA

1.
University of Maine at Machias, 116 O’Brien Avenue, Machias, ME 04654, USA
2.
Downeast Institute for Applied Marine Research & Education, 39 Wildflower Lane, Beals, ME 04611, USA

Received: 29 April 2016 Accepted: 05 August 2016 Published: 10 August 2016

We discovered through gut-content analysis over a 20-month period (June 2009–March 2011) that a little-known benthic fish, the wrymouth, Cryptacanthodes maculatus, preyed upon soft-bottom fauna from 8 phyla, 10 classes, and 28 genera in the lower intertidal/ shallow subtidal zone in Cobscook Bay (eastern Maine, USA). Wrymouth (N = 42; total length = 30–50 cm) live infaunally in extensive subterranean burrows, and consumed mainly polychaetes and amphipods that occurred in 80% and 75% of stomachs, respectively. The two most common polychaetes, Alitta virens and Harmothoe imbricata, were found in 60% and 25% of stomachs, respectively. Gammarideans Leptocheirus pinguis and Ampelisca abdita were the two most common amphipods occurring in 40% and 33% of stomachs, respectively. Benthic core samples taken from the mid- and low shore were ambiguous in helping to understand where wrymouth forage. Wrymouth likely contribute to trophic linkages between the intertidal and subtidal zones in soft-bottoms; however, its relative role in regulating benthic community structure, aspects of its reproductive behavior, and early life-history is unknown due in part to its cryptic lifestyle. In addition to identifying components of the wrymouth’s diet, we document gravid females for the first time, and when they appear in the population.
- Cryptacanthodes maculatus,
- wrymouth,
- fish,
- subtidal-intertidal,
- soft-bottoms,
- Maine,
- USA,
- benthic community
Citation: Brian F. Beal, Summer D. Meredith, Cody B. Jourdet, Kyle E. Pepperman. Diet of an underappreciated benthic intertidal fish, Cryptacanthodes maculatus (Cryptacanthodidae), in eastern Maine, USA[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2016, 3(3): 488-508. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2016.3.488

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Abstract

We discovered through gut-content analysis over a 20-month period (June 2009–March 2011) that a little-known benthic fish, the wrymouth, Cryptacanthodes maculatus, preyed upon soft-bottom fauna from 8 phyla, 10 classes, and 28 genera in the lower intertidal/ shallow subtidal zone in Cobscook Bay (eastern Maine, USA). Wrymouth (N = 42; total length = 30–50 cm) live infaunally in extensive subterranean burrows, and consumed mainly polychaetes and amphipods that occurred in 80% and 75% of stomachs, respectively. The two most common polychaetes, Alitta virens and Harmothoe imbricata, were found in 60% and 25% of stomachs, respectively. Gammarideans Leptocheirus pinguis and Ampelisca abdita were the two most common amphipods occurring in 40% and 33% of stomachs, respectively. Benthic core samples taken from the mid- and low shore were ambiguous in helping to understand where wrymouth forage. Wrymouth likely contribute to trophic linkages between the intertidal and subtidal zones in soft-bottoms; however, its relative role in regulating benthic community structure, aspects of its reproductive behavior, and early life-history is unknown due in part to its cryptic lifestyle. In addition to identifying components of the wrymouth’s diet, we document gravid females for the first time, and when they appear in the population.

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