Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a high incidence of comorbidities among patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The elevated prevalence of DM in the world population makes it a significant risk factor because diabetic individuals appear to be prone to clinical complications and have increased mortality rates. Here, we review the possible underlying mechanisms involved in DM that led to worse outcomes in COVID-19. The impacts of hyperglycemia side effects, secondary comorbidities, weakened innate and adaptive immunity, chronic inflammation, and poor nutritional status, commonly present in DM, are discussed. The role of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and its polymorphic variations on higher binding affinity to facilitate viral uptake in people with DM were also considered. Clinical differences between individuals with type 1 DM and type 2 DM affected by COVID-19 and the potential diabetogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection were addressed.
Citation: María D Figueroa-Pizano, Alma C Campa-Mada, Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan, Karla G Martinez-Robinson, Agustin Rascon Chu. The underlying mechanisms for severe COVID-19 progression in people with diabetes mellitus: a critical review[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2021, 8(4): 720-742. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2021057
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a high incidence of comorbidities among patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The elevated prevalence of DM in the world population makes it a significant risk factor because diabetic individuals appear to be prone to clinical complications and have increased mortality rates. Here, we review the possible underlying mechanisms involved in DM that led to worse outcomes in COVID-19. The impacts of hyperglycemia side effects, secondary comorbidities, weakened innate and adaptive immunity, chronic inflammation, and poor nutritional status, commonly present in DM, are discussed. The role of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and its polymorphic variations on higher binding affinity to facilitate viral uptake in people with DM were also considered. Clinical differences between individuals with type 1 DM and type 2 DM affected by COVID-19 and the potential diabetogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection were addressed.
Diabetes mellitus
Coronavirus disease 2019
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Research Center for Food and Development
World Health Organization
Center for Systems Science and Engineering
Middle East respiratory syndrome
Intensive care unit
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
ACE inhibitors
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Angiotensin-receptor blockers
glycosylated hemoglobin
Reactive oxygen species
Cluster of differentiation 4+
Cluster of differentiation 8+
Tumor necrosis factor-α
Interleukin
C-reactive protein
Interferon-ϒ
Chest computed tomography
Lactate dehydrogenase levels
Receptor-binding domain
Ribonucleic acid
Desoxyribonucleic acid
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
Coronary heart disease
Body mass index
Diabetic ketoacidosis
transmembrane serine protease 2
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Figures(2)
María D Figueroa-Pizano, Alma C Campa-Mada, Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan, Karla G Martinez-Robinson, Agustin Rascon Chu. The underlying mechanisms for severe COVID-19 progression in people with diabetes mellitus: a critical review[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2021, 8(4): 720-742. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2021057
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