Differential metabolic rearrangements improve biomass and enhance the tolerance of two dwarf cashew (<i>Anacardium occidentale</i> L.) genotypes to salt stress

Francisco dos Santos Farias; Vicente Paulo da Costa Neto; Cleriston Correia da Silva Souza; Daniela Vieira Chaves; Aurenivia Bonifácio; Francisco dos Santos Farias; Vicente Paulo da Costa Neto; Cleriston Correia da Silva Souza; Daniela Vieira Chaves; Aurenivia Bonifácio

doi:10.3934/molsci.2024012

AIMS Molecular Science

2024, Volume 11, Issue 2: 206-220. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2024012

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Research article

Differential metabolic rearrangements improve biomass and enhance the tolerance of two dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) genotypes to salt stress

1.
Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
2.
Laboratory of Plant Propagation, Campus Professor Cinobelina Elvas, Federal University of Piaui, Bom Jesus, Piaui, Brazil
3.
Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department de Biology, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil

Received: 30 January 2024 Revised: 22 March 2024 Accepted: 26 March 2024 Published: 10 May 2024

Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that affect crop productivity and plant development the most. We aimed to analyze the physiological and biochemical responses of dwarf cashew (A. occidentale L.) genotypes subjected to salt stress. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with five salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl) and 2 dwarf cashew genotypes (Embrapa51 and CCP76). There was no significant effect of salinity on plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter; however, the dry biomass was significantly reduced. Chlorophylls, starch, and total free amino acids decreased with salt stress, mainly with 75 and 100 mM NaCl. The CCP76 genotype salt-stressed increased carotenoids, anthocyanins, total soluble carbohydrates, reducing sugars, sodium, and potassium ions compared to Embrapa51. Free proline was increased in response to salt stress in dwarf cashew genotypes. Interestingly, sucrose declined in Embrapa51 and increased in CCP76 in response to salinity. When submitted to 75 and 100 mM NaCl, i.e., under severe stress, CCP76 presented more sucrose than Embrapa51. Our results indicated that sucrose accumulation plays an important role in the acclimation of CCP76 to salinity. This disaccharide induces metabolic rearrangements, mostly in the levels of soluble carbohydrates and amino acids, which contribute to rebalancing the osmotic potential and help to maintain favorable plant metabolism under salt stress. Overall, the dwarf cashew CCP76 was more tolerant to salinity than Embrapa51.
- cashew genotypes,
- chlorophylls,
- salinity,
- osmoprotectors
Citation: Francisco dos Santos Farias, Vicente Paulo da Costa Neto, Cleriston Correia da Silva Souza, Daniela Vieira Chaves, Aurenivia Bonifácio. Differential metabolic rearrangements improve biomass and enhance the tolerance of two dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) genotypes to salt stress[J]. AIMS Molecular Science, 2024, 11(2): 206-220. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2024012

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Abstract

Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that affect crop productivity and plant development the most. We aimed to analyze the physiological and biochemical responses of dwarf cashew (A. occidentale L.) genotypes subjected to salt stress. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with five salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl) and 2 dwarf cashew genotypes (Embrapa51 and CCP76). There was no significant effect of salinity on plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter; however, the dry biomass was significantly reduced. Chlorophylls, starch, and total free amino acids decreased with salt stress, mainly with 75 and 100 mM NaCl. The CCP76 genotype salt-stressed increased carotenoids, anthocyanins, total soluble carbohydrates, reducing sugars, sodium, and potassium ions compared to Embrapa51. Free proline was increased in response to salt stress in dwarf cashew genotypes. Interestingly, sucrose declined in Embrapa51 and increased in CCP76 in response to salinity. When submitted to 75 and 100 mM NaCl, i.e., under severe stress, CCP76 presented more sucrose than Embrapa51. Our results indicated that sucrose accumulation plays an important role in the acclimation of CCP76 to salinity. This disaccharide induces metabolic rearrangements, mostly in the levels of soluble carbohydrates and amino acids, which contribute to rebalancing the osmotic potential and help to maintain favorable plant metabolism under salt stress. Overall, the dwarf cashew CCP76 was more tolerant to salinity than Embrapa51.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and National Council for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES), Brazilian research-funding agencies, for financial support (CNPq-Universal n° 426655/2018-4).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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