Growth, leaf gas exchange and biochemical changes of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings as affected by iron oxide nanoparticles

Ayu Azera Izad; Rosimah Nulit; Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah; A'fifah Abdul Razak; Teh Huey Fang; Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim; Ayu Azera Izad; Rosimah Nulit; Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah; A'fifah Abdul Razak; Teh Huey Fang; Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim

doi:10.3934/matersci.2019.6.960

AIMS Materials Science

2019, Volume 6, Issue 6: 960-984. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2019.6.960

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Research article Special Issues

Growth, leaf gas exchange and biochemical changes of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings as affected by iron oxide nanoparticles

1.
Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2.
Tropical Peat Research Unit, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
3.
Sime Darby Technology Centre, UPM-MTDC Technology Centre III, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Received: 17 July 2019 Accepted: 17 September 2019 Published: 18 October 2019

Currently, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) was extensively used in industries and agriculture. However, fewer studies have been conducted on the interaction between these nanomaterials and plants. With that, the work focused on the toxicity evaluation of Fe₃O₄ NPs towards the growth, leaf gas exchange and biochemical of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Oil palm seedlings were grown in soil and treated with different concentrations of Fe₃O₄ NPs (0, 800, 1600, 2400 mg/L) for 30 days of exposure. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. The study revealed that Fe₃O₄ NPs did not affect the plant growth but significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the leaf gas exchange and biochemical responses. Total chlorophyll content and leaf total stomata densities of seedlings were significantly decreased with Fe₃O₄ NPs, in particular with the higher Fe₃O₄ NPs concentration. The results showed that Fe₃O₄ NPs negatively affected the leaf gas exchange characteristics of seedlings as compared to the control. The Fe₃O₄ NPs increased the production of total flavonoids, total phenolics, proline, soluble sugar and malondialdehyde (MDA) in Fe₃O₄ NPs-stressed seedlings leaves extracts. Correlation analysis showed that net photosynthesis rate (A) has a significant positive correlation with leaf gas exchange traits. This showed that the reduction of leaf gas exchange performance of oil palm seedlings under elevated Fe₃O₄ NPs concentration might be due to decreasing of A in oil palm seedlings exposed to high Fe₃O₄ NPs concentration. The concentration of iron (Fe) in leaves was significantly increased with Fe₃O₄ NPs application. In comparison to the control (0 mg/L), the Fe content in the leaves was increased by 52% when the seedlings were treated with the highest Fe₃O₄ NPs concentration (2400 mg/L). Overall, a high application of Fe₃O₄ NPs has induced plant stress, which further affected its growth and development at phenotypic and physiological levels.
- biochemical,
- growth,
- iron oxide nanoparticles,
- leaf gas exchange,
- oil palm seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Citation: Ayu Azera Izad, Rosimah Nulit, Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah, A'fifah Abdul Razak, Teh Huey Fang, Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim. Growth, leaf gas exchange and biochemical changes of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings as affected by iron oxide nanoparticles[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2019, 6(6): 960-984. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2019.6.960

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Abstract

Currently, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) was extensively used in industries and agriculture. However, fewer studies have been conducted on the interaction between these nanomaterials and plants. With that, the work focused on the toxicity evaluation of Fe₃O₄ NPs towards the growth, leaf gas exchange and biochemical of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Oil palm seedlings were grown in soil and treated with different concentrations of Fe₃O₄ NPs (0, 800, 1600, 2400 mg/L) for 30 days of exposure. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. The study revealed that Fe₃O₄ NPs did not affect the plant growth but significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the leaf gas exchange and biochemical responses. Total chlorophyll content and leaf total stomata densities of seedlings were significantly decreased with Fe₃O₄ NPs, in particular with the higher Fe₃O₄ NPs concentration. The results showed that Fe₃O₄ NPs negatively affected the leaf gas exchange characteristics of seedlings as compared to the control. The Fe₃O₄ NPs increased the production of total flavonoids, total phenolics, proline, soluble sugar and malondialdehyde (MDA) in Fe₃O₄ NPs-stressed seedlings leaves extracts. Correlation analysis showed that net photosynthesis rate (A) has a significant positive correlation with leaf gas exchange traits. This showed that the reduction of leaf gas exchange performance of oil palm seedlings under elevated Fe₃O₄ NPs concentration might be due to decreasing of A in oil palm seedlings exposed to high Fe₃O₄ NPs concentration. The concentration of iron (Fe) in leaves was significantly increased with Fe₃O₄ NPs application. In comparison to the control (0 mg/L), the Fe content in the leaves was increased by 52% when the seedlings were treated with the highest Fe₃O₄ NPs concentration (2400 mg/L). Overall, a high application of Fe₃O₄ NPs has induced plant stress, which further affected its growth and development at phenotypic and physiological levels.

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