Characterization of sago starch-based degradable plastic with agricultural waste cellulose fiber as filler

Rozanna Dewi; Novi Sylvia; Zulnazri; Medyan Riza; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Tezara Cionita; Budhi Santri Kusuma; Rozanna Dewi; Novi Sylvia; Zulnazri; Medyan Riza; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Tezara Cionita; Budhi Santri Kusuma

doi:10.3934/environsci.2024014

AIMS Environmental Science

2024, Volume 11, Issue 2: 304-323. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2024014

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Research article

Characterization of sago starch-based degradable plastic with agricultural waste cellulose fiber as filler

1.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Malikussaleh University, Lhokseumawe 24353, Indonesia
2.
Centre of Excellent Technology Natural Polymer and Recycle Plastic, Malikussaleh University, Lhokseumawe 24353, Indonesia
3.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
4.
Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
5.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Seremban 71800, Malaysia
6.
Department of Industrial Engineering, Medan Area University, Medan 20000, Indonesia

Received: 03 December 2023 Revised: 21 February 2024 Accepted: 02 May 2024 Published: 16 May 2024

Sago starch and cellulose fiber can be used as a raw material for making degradable plastics to replace commercial plastics. This research used corn cob fiber and sugarcane bagasse fiber as filler to improve the properties of degradable plastic. The research method consists of several stages, cellulose fiber preparation, degradable plastic synthesis and plastic characterization. The result showed tensile strength of plastic with corn cob and sugarcane bagasse filler was 6.37–11.5 MPa and 9.70–16.47 MPa, respectively. The compound composition test through Fourier Transformation Infra-Red (FTIR) exhibited hydrophilic behavior, hence plastic easily degraded by soil. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) shows that degradable plastic with corn cob fiber filler denoted a melting point of 163.84 ℃, while sugarcane bagasse fiber filler at 163.47 ℃. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) analysis indicated degradable plastic had a good thermal stability. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) exhibited few white lumps and indentations on the surface, indicating that the solubility was not homogeny and could be due to the influence of stirring process. In term of ability to absorb water, both plastic with fiber filler had a small water absorption with a range of 5–6%. Melt Flow Rate (MFR) analysis of degradable plastics with corn cob fiber and sugarcane bagasse pointed the value that was suitable for injection molding processing technique. The degradation of both plastics ranged about 50–85 days to completely decomposed naturally in soil, as supported by FTIR analysis.
- degradable plastic,
- starch,
- cellulose,
- corncob,
- sugarcane bagasse
Citation: Rozanna Dewi, Novi Sylvia, Zulnazri, Medyan Riza, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Tezara Cionita, Budhi Santri Kusuma. Characterization of sago starch-based degradable plastic with agricultural waste cellulose fiber as filler[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2024, 11(2): 304-323. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2024014

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Abstract

Sago starch and cellulose fiber can be used as a raw material for making degradable plastics to replace commercial plastics. This research used corn cob fiber and sugarcane bagasse fiber as filler to improve the properties of degradable plastic. The research method consists of several stages, cellulose fiber preparation, degradable plastic synthesis and plastic characterization. The result showed tensile strength of plastic with corn cob and sugarcane bagasse filler was 6.37–11.5 MPa and 9.70–16.47 MPa, respectively. The compound composition test through Fourier Transformation Infra-Red (FTIR) exhibited hydrophilic behavior, hence plastic easily degraded by soil. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) shows that degradable plastic with corn cob fiber filler denoted a melting point of 163.84 ℃, while sugarcane bagasse fiber filler at 163.47 ℃. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) analysis indicated degradable plastic had a good thermal stability. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) exhibited few white lumps and indentations on the surface, indicating that the solubility was not homogeny and could be due to the influence of stirring process. In term of ability to absorb water, both plastic with fiber filler had a small water absorption with a range of 5–6%. Melt Flow Rate (MFR) analysis of degradable plastics with corn cob fiber and sugarcane bagasse pointed the value that was suitable for injection molding processing technique. The degradation of both plastics ranged about 50–85 days to completely decomposed naturally in soil, as supported by FTIR analysis.

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