One of the most significant environmental challenges confronting airports is their sustainable management of solid wastes. This is because airport's produce large volumes of wastes as a byproduct of their operations. Considering this, airports are increasingly focusing on managing their wastes in an environmentally sustainable manner. Using an in-depth longitudinal case study research approach, this study has examined Seoul's Incheon International Airport sustainable waste management. Incheon International Airport is a major air hub and is the home base for Korean Air. The study period was from 2010 to 2020. Incheon International Airport has six discrete waste streams: construction wastes, designated wastes, general wastes, incinerated wastes, landfill disposed wastes, and recycled wastes. The case study revealed that the airport aims to recycle wastes wherever possible. This policy has resulted in recycled wastes becoming the airport's largest source of wastes during the study period. At the airport, suitable combustible wastes are incinerated and the waste heat from the incineration is captured for further use by the airport. Incheon International Airport has undertaken substantial construction works during the study period, and these were the airport's second most significant waste stream during the study period. In the case of waste construction items, these wastes are handled by external waste treatment firms or alternatively they are incinerated by the airport. To underpin its sustainable waste management, the airport operates a recycling center that is equipped with can compressors and separators which ensures an efficient resource cycling system. A resource classification treatment facility is also used to efficiently manage and enhance the recycle rate of wastes from the airport's facilities and its operations.
Citation: Glenn Baxter. Towards sustainable airport waste management through the adoption of a 'green' airport strategy: The case of Incheon International Airport[J]. Clean Technologies and Recycling, 2022, 2(4): 247-278. doi: 10.3934/ctr.2022013
One of the most significant environmental challenges confronting airports is their sustainable management of solid wastes. This is because airport's produce large volumes of wastes as a byproduct of their operations. Considering this, airports are increasingly focusing on managing their wastes in an environmentally sustainable manner. Using an in-depth longitudinal case study research approach, this study has examined Seoul's Incheon International Airport sustainable waste management. Incheon International Airport is a major air hub and is the home base for Korean Air. The study period was from 2010 to 2020. Incheon International Airport has six discrete waste streams: construction wastes, designated wastes, general wastes, incinerated wastes, landfill disposed wastes, and recycled wastes. The case study revealed that the airport aims to recycle wastes wherever possible. This policy has resulted in recycled wastes becoming the airport's largest source of wastes during the study period. At the airport, suitable combustible wastes are incinerated and the waste heat from the incineration is captured for further use by the airport. Incheon International Airport has undertaken substantial construction works during the study period, and these were the airport's second most significant waste stream during the study period. In the case of waste construction items, these wastes are handled by external waste treatment firms or alternatively they are incinerated by the airport. To underpin its sustainable waste management, the airport operates a recycling center that is equipped with can compressors and separators which ensures an efficient resource cycling system. A resource classification treatment facility is also used to efficiently manage and enhance the recycle rate of wastes from the airport's facilities and its operations.
| [1] |
Dimitriou D (2014) Airports environmental management. Int J Inf Syst Supply Chain Manag 7: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJISSCM.2014010101 doi: 10.4018/IJISSCM.2014010101
|
| [2] |
Comendador VFG, Valdés RMA, Lisker B (2019) A holistic approach to the environmental certification of green airports. Sustainability 11: 4043. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154043 doi: 10.3390/su11154043
|
| [3] | Janić M (2011) Greening Airports: Advanced Technology and Operations, London: Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-658-0 |
| [4] |
Kumar A, Aswin A, Gupta H (2020) Evaluating green performance of the airports using hybrid BWM and VIKOR methodology. Tour Manag 76: 103941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.06.016 doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2019.06.016
|
| [5] | Prosperi D (2009) Greening the world's airports. WTPP 14: 48–56. |
| [6] | González-Ruiz JD, Duque E, Restrepo J (2017) Green airport infrastructure in Colombia: Opportunities for public-private partnerships schemes. Pertanika J Sci Technol 25: 37–46. |
| [7] | Sumathi N, Phanendra MGVS, Teja KG (2018) Green airports—Solution to stop pollution! IJLTEMAS 7: 78–85. |
| [8] |
Sun L, Pan H, Hu X (2021) Short review of concepts and practices in green airports in China. J Phys Conf Ser 1976: 012063. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1976/1/012063 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1976/1/012063
|
| [9] |
Sebastian RM, Louis J (2021) Understanding waste management at airports: A study on current practices and challenges based on literature review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 147: 111229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111229 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111229
|
| [10] |
Ravishankar B, Christopher PB (2022) Environmental threats: Exploring waste management in the Indian aviation sector. ECS Trans 107: 10811. https://doi.org/10.1149/10701.10811ecst doi: 10.1149/10701.10811ecst
|
| [11] | Baxter G, Srisaeng P (2021) Environmentally sustainable waste management at a major global hub airport, In: Sahoo NG, Waste Management: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Directions, New York: Nova Scientific Publishing, 151–186. |
| [12] | Budd T (2017) Environmental impacts and mitigation, In: Budd L, Isons S, Air Transport Management: An International Perspective, Abingdon: Routledge, 151–186. |
| [13] | Dimitriou DJ, Voskaki AJ (2011) Regional airports' environmental management: Key messages from the evaluation of ten European airports, In: Postorino MN, Regional Airports, Southampton: WIT Press, 151–186. https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-84564-570-0/06 |
| [14] | Edwards B (2005) The modern airport terminal: New approaches to airport architecture, 2 Eds., Abingdon: Spon Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203646878 |
| [15] |
Dimitriou D, Karagkouni A (2022) Assortment of airports' sustainability strategy: A comprehensiveness analysis framework. Sustainability 14: 4217. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074217 doi: 10.3390/su14074217
|
| [16] | Gössling S (2018) Air transport and climate change, In: Halpern N, Graham A, The Routledge Companion to Air Transport Management, Abingdon: Routledge, 402–416. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315630540-26 |
| [17] | McGormley RW, Lengel Jr JA, Seal DW, et al. (2011) Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports, Washington: Transportation Research Board. |
| [18] |
Baxter G, Srisaeng P, Wild G (2018) Sustainable airport waste management: The case of Kansai International Airport. Recycling 3: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3010006 doi: 10.3390/recycling3010006
|
| [19] |
Baxter G, Srisaeng P, Wild G (2018) An assessment of airport sustainability, Part 1—Waste management at Copenhagen Airport. Resources 7: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7010021 doi: 10.3390/resources7010021
|
| [20] |
Blanca-Alcubilla G, Rocfa M, Bala A, et al. (2019) Airplane cabin waste characterization: Knowing the waste for sustainable management and future recommendations. Waste Manage 96: 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.002 doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.002
|
| [21] | United States Federal Aviation Administration, Recycling, Reuse and Waste Reduction at Airports: A Synthesis Document. FAA, 2013. Available from: https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/airports/resources/publications/reports/RecyclingSynthesis2013.pdf. |
| [22] | Mehta P (2015) Aviation waste management: An insight. Int J Environ Sci 5: 179–186. |
| [23] | Chandrappa R, Das DB (2012) Solid Waste Management: Principles and Practice, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28681-0 |
| [24] | Hooper P, Heath B, Maughan J (2003) Environmental management and the aviation industry, In: Upham P, Maughan J, Raper D, et al., Towards Sustainable Aviation, 1 Ed., London: Routledge, 115–130. |
| [25] | Culberson SD (2011) Environmental impact of airports, In: Ashford NJ, Mumayiz SA, Wright PH, Airport Engineering: Planning, Design, and Development of 21st Century Airports, 4 Eds., Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 704–738. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470950074.ch17 |
| [26] | Organisation for Economic Development, Glossary of Statistical Terms: Waste. OECD, 2003. Available from: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2896. |
| [27] | Davies AR (2016) The Geographies of Garbage Governance: Interventions, Interactions, and Outcomes, Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315557755 |
| [28] |
Pitt M, Smith A (2003) An assessment of waste management efficiency at BAA airports. Constr Manag Econ 21: 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619032000089599 doi: 10.1080/0144619032000089599
|
| [29] |
Okan M, Aydin HM, Barsbay M (2019) Current approaches to waste polymer utilization and minimization: A review. J Chem Technol Biot 94: 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5778 doi: 10.1002/jctb.5778
|
| [30] | Thomas C, Hooper P (2013) Sustainable development and environmental capacity of airports, In: Ashford NJ, Stanton HPM, Moore CA, et al., Airport Operations, 3 Eds., New York: McGraw-Hill, 553–578. |
| [31] | Güren S (2015) Sustainable waste management, In: Akkucuk U, Handbook of Research on Developing Sustainable Value in Economics, Finance, and Marketing, Hershey: Business Science Reference, 141–156. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6635-1.ch009 |
| [32] | Zhu D, Asnani PU, Zurbrugg C, et al. (2008) Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: A Sourcebook for Policy Makers and Practitioners, Washington: The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7361-3 |
| [33] | Park C, Allaby M (2013) Dictionary of Environment & Conservation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199641666.001.0001 |
| [34] |
Makarichi L, Jutidamrongphan W, Techato KA (2018) The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 91: 812–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.088 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.088
|
| [35] | Waters B (2020) Introduction to Environmental Management: For the NEBOSH Certificate in Environmental Management, Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315104522 |
| [36] |
Tabasová A, Kropáč J, Kermes V, et al. (2012) Waste-to-energy technologies: Impact on environment. Energy 44: 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.014 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.014
|
| [37] |
Zhao X, Jiang G, Ang L, et al. (2016) Economic analysis of waste-to-energy industry in China. Waste Manage 48: 604–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.014 doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.014
|
| [38] |
Tayeh RA, Alsayed MF, Saleh, YA (2021) The potential of sustainable municipal solid waste-to-energy management in the Palestinian Territories. J Cleaner Prod 279: 123753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123753 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123753
|
| [39] |
Leckner B (2015) Process aspects in combustion and gasification Waste-to-Energy (WtE) units. Waste Manage 37: 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.04.019 doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.04.019
|
| [40] |
Zhang D, Huang G, Xu Y, et al. (2015) Waste-to-energy in China: Key challenges and opportunities. Energies 8: 14182–14196. https://doi.org/10.3390/en81212422 doi: 10.3390/en81212422
|
| [41] | Ahmadi A, Esmaeilion F, Esmaeilion A, et al. (2020) Benefits and limitations of waste-to-energy conversion in Iran. RERA 1: 27–45. |
| [42] |
Murer MJ, Spliethoff H, de Waal CMW, et al. (2010). High efficient waste-to-energy in Amsterdam: Getting ready for the next steps. Waste Manage Res 29: S20–S29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X11413334 doi: 10.1177/0734242X11413334
|
| [43] | Klinghoffer NB, Themelis NJ, Castaldi MJ (2013) Waste-to-energy (WTE): An introduction, In: Klinghoffer NB, Castaldi MJ, Waste-to-Energy Conversion Technology, Sawston: Woodhead Publishing, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096364.1.3 |
| [44] | Kazda T, Caves B, Kamenický M (2015) Environmental control, In: Kazda A, Caves RE, Airport Design and Operation, 3 Eds., Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, 457–500. https://doi.org/10.1108/9780080546438-020 |
| [45] |
Baxter G, Srisaeng P (2022) Optimizing airport sustainable waste management from the use of waste-to-energy technology and circular economy principles: The case of London Gatwick Airport. Int J Traffic Transp Eng 12: 176–195. https://doi.org/10.7708/ijtte2022.12(2).03 doi: 10.7708/ijtte2022.12(2).03
|
| [46] | Biron M (2020) A Practical Guide to Plastics Sustainability: Concepts, Solutions and Implementation, Kidlington: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821539-5.00012-4 |
| [47] | Manahan SE (2011) Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry, 3 Eds., Boca Raton: CRC Press. |
| [48] | Williams PT (2013) Waste Treatment and Disposal, 2 Eds., Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. |
| [49] | Derrington ML (2019) Qualitative Longitudinal Methods: Researching, Implementation and Change, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071814277 |
| [50] | Hassett ME, Paavilainen-Mäntymäki E (2013) Longitudinal research in organizations: An introduction, In: Hassett ME, Paavilainen-Mäntymäki E, Handbook of Longitudinal Research Methods in Organisation and Business Studies, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1–22. |
| [51] | Neale B (2019) What is Qualitative Longitudinal Research? London: Bloomsbury Academic. |
| [52] | Kalaian SA, Kasim RM (2008) Longitudinal studies, In: Lavrakas PJ, Encyclopaedia of Survey Research Methods, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 439–440. |
| [53] | Cua FC, Garrett TC (2009) Diffusion of innovations theory: Inconsistency between theory and practice, In: Dwivedi YB, Lal B, Williams MD, et al., Handbook of Research on Contemporary Theoretical Models in Information Systems, Hershey: IGI Global, 242–276. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-659-4.ch014 |
| [54] | Remenyi D, Williams B, Money A, et al. (2010) Doing Research in Business and Management: An Introduction to Process and Method, London: SAGE Publications. |
| [55] | Yin RK (2018) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 6 Eds., Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. |
| [56] | Ang SH (2014) Research Design for Business & Management, London: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473909694 |
| [57] | Mentzer JT, Flint DJ (1997) Validity in logistics research. J Bus Logist 18: 199–216. |
| [58] |
McCutchen DM, Meredith JR (1993) Conducting case study research in operations management. J Oper Manag 11: 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-6963(93)90002-7 doi: 10.1016/0272-6963(93)90002-7
|
| [59] | Grant A (2019) Doing Excellent Social Research with Documents: Practical Examples and Guidance for Qualitative Researchers, Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315177274 |
| [60] | Oates BJ (2006) Researching Information Systems and Computing, London: SAGE Publications. |
| [61] | Gil-Garcia JR (2012) Enacting Electronic Government Success: An Integrative Study of Government-Wide Websites, Organizational Capabilities, and Institutions, New York: Springer. |
| [62] | Andrew DPS, Pedersen PM, McEvoy CD (2011) Research Methods and Design in Sport Management, Champaign: Human Kinetics. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492596417 |
| [63] | Scott J (2014) A Dictionary of Sociology, 4 Eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
| [64] | Scott J, Marshall G (2009) A Dictionary of Sociology, 3 Eds., New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199533008.001.0001 |
| [65] | O'Leary Z (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research, London: SAGE Publications. |
| [66] |
Baxter G (2021) Achieving carbon neutral airport operations by 2025: The case of Sydney Airport, Australia. Transp Telecommun 22: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2021-0001 doi: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0001
|
| [67] |
Suh YH, Kim KS, Han SW, et al. (2012) A research on analyzing current status and ways to improve access transportation to Incheon International Airport. KSAA 20: 106–114. https://doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2012.20.4.106 doi: 10.12985/ksaa.2012.20.4.106
|
| [68] | Yoo KE (1997) A study on the strategies for Incheon International Airport to be a successful hub airport in Northeast Asia. JANT 1: 81–94. |
| [69] | Kim S, Choi DJ, Ahn CY, et al. (2014) Tunnel design underneath the operating runway of Incheon Airport, In: Yoo C, Park SW, Kim B, et al., Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Leiden: CRC Press/Balkema, 43–48. |
| [70] | Airport Technology, Incheon International Airport (ICA/RKSI). Airport Technology, 2017. Available from: https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/incheon-international-airport/. |
| [71] | Chang YC (2010) The development of regional airports in Asia, In: Postorino MN, Development of Regional Airports: Theoretical Analyses and Case Studies, Southampton: WIT Press, 53–76. https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-84564-143-6/03 |
| [72] | Choi AH, Tran CN (2008) Hand vascular pattern technology, In: Jain AK, Flynn P, Ross AA, Handbook of Biometrics, Boston: Springer, 253–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71041-9_13 |
| [73] | Park SH (2011) Incheon-Qingdao intercity network and implications for building a Trans-Border Region. Seoul J Econ 24: 221–245. |
| [74] |
Park Y, Ahn SB (2003) Optimal assignment for check-in counters based on passenger arrival behaviour at an airport. Transport Plan Techn 26: 397–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060310001635887 doi: 10.1080/03081060310001635887
|
| [75] | Turner B (2003) The Stateman's Yearbook; The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World 2004, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. |
| [76] | Thomas G (2002) The yin and yang of Korean Air. Air Transp World 39: 26–31. |
| [77] | Merkert R, Alexander D (2018) The air cargo industry, In: Halpern N, Graham A, The Routledge Companion to Air Transport Management, Abingdon: Routledge, 29–47. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315630540-3 |
| [78] | Iatrou K, Oretti M (2016) Airline Choices for the Future: From Alliances to Mergers, Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315566399 |
| [79] | Holloway S (2016) Straight and Level: Practical Airline Economics, 3 Eds., Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315610894 |
| [80] |
Barczak A, Dembińska I, Rozmus D, et al. (2022) The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on air transport passenger markets-Implications for selected EU airports based on time series models analysis. Sustainability 14: 4345. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074345 doi: 10.3390/su14074345
|
| [81] |
Lie LPA, Purwanto P, Purnawent H (2022) Inflight service waste management in Indonesia. J Southwest Jiaotong Univ 57: 542–553. https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.1.49 doi: 10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.1.49
|
| [82] |
Mumbower S (2022) Airline market exit after a shock event: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect 14: 100621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100621 doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2022.100621
|
| [83] |
Kang S, Moon J, Kang H, et al. (2020) The evolving policy debate on border closure in Korea. J Prev Med Public Health 53: 302–306. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.213 doi: 10.3961/jpmph.20.213
|
| [84] | Incheon International Airport Corporation, Incheon International Airport Statistics. Incheon Airport, 2022. Available from: https://airport.kr/co/en/cpr/statisticCategoryOfDay.do#none. |
| [85] | Incheon International Airport Corporation, Green Report 2021. Incheon Airport, 2022. Available from: https://www.airport.kr/co_file/ko/file03/green_2022_ENG.pdf. |
| [86] | Incheon International Airport Corporation, Incheon International Airport Corporation Green Report 2020. Incheon Airport, 2021. Available from: https://www.airport.kr/co_file/ko/file03/green_2020_ENG.pdf. |
| [87] | Dentch MP (2016) The ISO 14001:2015 Handbook: Using the Process Approach to Building an Environmental Management System, Milwaukee: Quality Press. |
| [88] | Grover RC, Grover S (2017) Winning the Environmental Challenge with ISO 14001: 2015: Implementation of an Environmental Management System, Chennai: Notion Press. |
| [89] |
Heras-Saizarbitoria I, Landín GA, Molina-Azorín JF (2011) Do drivers matter for the benefits of ISO 14001? Int J Oper Prod Manag 31: 192–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443571111104764 doi: 10.1108/01443571111104764
|
| [90] |
Oliveira JA, Oliveira OJ, Ometto AR, et al. (2011) Environmental management system ISO 14001 factors for promoting the adoption of cleaner production practices. J Cleaner Prod 133: 1384–1394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.013 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.013
|
| [91] | Incheon International Airport Corporation, Green Report 2010. Incheon Airport, 2011. Available from: https://www.airport.kr/co_file/ko/file03/green_2010_ENG.pdf. |
| [92] | Incheon International Airport Corporation, Green Report 2011. Incheon Airport, 2012. Available from: https://www.airport.kr/co_file/ko/file03/green_2011_ENG.pdf. |
| [93] |
Graham A (2005) Airport benchmarking: A review of the current situation. BIJ 12: 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770510593059 doi: 10.1108/14635770510593059
|
| [94] | Incheon International Airport Corporation, Green Report 2014. Incheon Airport, 2015. Available from: https://www.airport.kr/co_file/ko/file03/green_2014_ENG.pdf. |
| [95] | Incheon International Airport Corporation, Incheon International Airport Corporation Green Report 2017. Incheon Airport, 2018. Available from: https://www.airport.kr/co_file/ko/file03/green_2018_ENG.pdf. |
| [96] |
Lam PTI, Wu ATW, Wu Z, et al. (2019) Methodology for upstream estimation of construction waste for new building projects. J Cleaner Prod 230: 1003–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.183 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.183
|
| [97] |
Gálvez-Martos JL, Styles D, Schoenberger H, et al. (2018) Construction and demolition waste best management practices in Europe. Resour Conserv Recycl 13: 166–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.04.016 doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.04.016
|
| [98] | Grantham DJ (1996) Surface water contamination caused by airport operations, In: Tunstall Pedoe N, Raper DW, Holden JMW, Environmental Management at Airports: Liabilities and Social Responsibilities, London: Thomas Telford Publishing, 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1680/emaa.25202.0007 |
| [99] | Jian G (2012) Main experiences on recycling of waste in South Korea. East Asian J Bus Manag 2: 15–18. |
| [100] |
Hong SY, Yoon CW, Yoon YS, et al. (2022) A study on safety management plan for recycling of medium-contact wastes via ecotoxicity assessment. Environ Health Insights 14: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302221111872 doi: 10.1177/11786302221111872
|
| [101] | El-Din M, Saleh H (2016) Introductory chapter: Introduction to hazardous waste management. In: Saleh HEDM, Rahman RA, Management of Hazardous Wastes, Rijeka: InTech, 1–12. |
| [102] | Skipka KJ, Theodore L (2014) Energy Resources Availability, Management and Environmental Impacts, Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16782 |
| [103] | Muthu SS (2020) End-of-life management of textile products, In: Muthu SS, Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply Chain, 2 Eds., Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819783-7.00008-9 |
| [104] | Buekens A (2012) Incineration Technologies, New York: Springer Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5752-7 |
| [105] | El-Haggar SM (2007) Sustainable Industrial Design and Waste Management: Cradle-to-Cradle for Sustainable Development, London: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373623-9/50012-5 |
| [106] | Petts J (1994) Incineration as a waste management option, In: Hester RE, Harrison RM, Waste Incineration and the Environment, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847552327-00001 |
| [107] | Claesson F, Skrifvars BJ, Elled AL, et al. (2009) Chemical characterization of waste fuel for fluidized bed combustion, In: Yue G, Zhang H, Zhao C, et al., Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 1116–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02682-9_174 |
| [108] | Alibeikloo M, Isfahani HS, Khabbaz H (2020) Effect of surcharge height and preloading time on long-term settlement of closed landfills: A numerical analysis, In: Casares J, Itoh H, Lega M, WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Southampton: WIT Press, 81–92. https://doi.org/10.2495/WM200081 |
| [109] |
Dixon N, Jones DRV (2005) Engineering properties of municipal solid waste. Geotext Geomembranes 23: 205–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2004.11.002 doi: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2004.11.002
|
| [110] |
van der Sloot, HA, Kosson DS, van Zomeren A (2017) Leaching, geochemical modelling and field verification of a municipal solid waste and a predominantly non-degradable waste landfill. Waste Manage 63: 74–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.032 doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.032
|
| [111] | International Civil Aviation Organization, Waste management at airports. ICAO, n.d. Available from: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/documents/waste_management_at_airports_booklet.pdf. |
| [112] | Halpern N, Graham A (2022) Airport Marketing, 2 Eds., Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800377486.airport.marketing |
| [113] |
Jurgilevich A, Birge T, Kentala-Lehtonen J, et al. (2016) Transition towards circular economy in the food system. Sustainability 8: 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010069 doi: 10.3390/su8010069
|
| [114] |
Kubule A, Klavenieks K, Vesere R, et al. (2019) Towards efficient waste management in Latvia: An empirical assessment of waste composition. Environ Clim Technol 23: 114–130. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0059 doi: 10.2478/rtuect-2019-0059
|
| [115] |
Kyriakopoulos GL, Kapsalis VC, Aravossis KG, et al. (2019) Evaluating circular economy under a multi-parametric approach: A technological review. Sustainability 11: 6139. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216139 doi: 10.3390/su11216139
|
| [116] |
Baxter G (2020) Sustainable airline waste management: A case study of Air New Zealand's waste management programs and strategies. Int J Traffic Transp Eng 10: 351–370. https://doi.org/10.7708/ijtte.2020.10(3).07 doi: 10.7708/ijtte.2020.10(3).07
|
| [117] | United States Environmental Protection Agency, Recycling Basics. EPA, 2021. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/recycle/recycling-basics. |
Figures(15)
Glenn Baxter. Towards sustainable airport waste management through the adoption of a "green" airport strategy: The case of Incheon International Airport[J]. Clean Technologies and Recycling, 2022, 2(4): 247-278. doi: 10.3934/ctr.2022013
DownLoad: