Throughout history, medicinal plants have been the primary source for preventing and treating infectious diseases and other health issues. The flowering plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis, also called river red gum, is a member of the Myrtaceae family and has numerous traditional uses. The objectives of the present study were to identify the essential oil components of Eucalyptus camaldulensis using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), and to determine the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities of ethanol, aqueous, and essential oil extracts from E. camaldulensis leaves. Addtionally, the essential oil constituents that were identified underwent an in silico analysis. The efficacy of various extracts in combat pathogens and free radicals was assessed through the utilization of the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), α-glucosidase inhibition, and disk diffusion methods. In terms of radical scavenging, reducing power, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, the essential oil showed strong antioxidant activity at 84.01 %, 20.1 mmol/g, and 78.2 %, respectively. The essential oil showed a potent antimicrobial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with 12 and 14 mm inhibitions, respectively, which were higher than ampicillin's 9 and 6 mm inhibitions, respectively. The GCMS analysis showed that the following chemicals were the most common: cis-11-hexadecenal (10.2%), trans-13-octadecenoic acid (9.5%), and 6-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-(8.8%). The α-glucosidase enzyme was targeted in a docking study to investigate the antidiabetic properties of the 42 phytochemicals found in the essential oil extract. The compound, namely 5.alpha.-Androstan-16-one, showed the highest binding affinities of −8.6 Kcal/mol during the docking screening of the 42 identified phytochemicals against α-glucosidase. These two compounds show potential as competitive α-glucosidase inhibitors. E. camaldulensis will be a particularly useful source to improve health and fight communicable and non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, human evaluations of E. camaldulensis safety and effectiveness are necessary, and more well-planned clinical trials are needed to confirm our in vitro and in silico findings.
Citation: Abdulrahaman Mahmoud Dogara, Ateeq Ahmed Al-Zahrani, Sarwan W. Bradosty, Saber W. Hamad, Shorsh Hussein Bapir, Talar K. Anwar. Antioxidant, α-glucosidase, antimicrobial activities chemical composition and in silico analysis of eucalyptus camaldulensis dehnh[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2024, 11(3): 255-280. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2024015
Throughout history, medicinal plants have been the primary source for preventing and treating infectious diseases and other health issues. The flowering plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis, also called river red gum, is a member of the Myrtaceae family and has numerous traditional uses. The objectives of the present study were to identify the essential oil components of Eucalyptus camaldulensis using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), and to determine the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities of ethanol, aqueous, and essential oil extracts from E. camaldulensis leaves. Addtionally, the essential oil constituents that were identified underwent an in silico analysis. The efficacy of various extracts in combat pathogens and free radicals was assessed through the utilization of the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), α-glucosidase inhibition, and disk diffusion methods. In terms of radical scavenging, reducing power, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, the essential oil showed strong antioxidant activity at 84.01 %, 20.1 mmol/g, and 78.2 %, respectively. The essential oil showed a potent antimicrobial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with 12 and 14 mm inhibitions, respectively, which were higher than ampicillin's 9 and 6 mm inhibitions, respectively. The GCMS analysis showed that the following chemicals were the most common: cis-11-hexadecenal (10.2%), trans-13-octadecenoic acid (9.5%), and 6-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-(8.8%). The α-glucosidase enzyme was targeted in a docking study to investigate the antidiabetic properties of the 42 phytochemicals found in the essential oil extract. The compound, namely 5.alpha.-Androstan-16-one, showed the highest binding affinities of −8.6 Kcal/mol during the docking screening of the 42 identified phytochemicals against α-glucosidase. These two compounds show potential as competitive α-glucosidase inhibitors. E. camaldulensis will be a particularly useful source to improve health and fight communicable and non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, human evaluations of E. camaldulensis safety and effectiveness are necessary, and more well-planned clinical trials are needed to confirm our in vitro and in silico findings.
| [1] |
Smolen JS, Burmester GR, Combeet B (2016) NCD risk factor collaboration (NCD-RisC). worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4· 4 million participants. Lancet 387: 1513-1530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32060-8 
|
| [2] |
Eltamany EE, Nafie MS, Khodeer DM, et al. (2020) Rubia tinctorum root extracts: chemical profile and management of type II diabetes mellitus. RSC Adv 10: 24159-24168. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA03442H
|
| [3] |
Pérez Zamora CM, Torres CA, Nuñez MB (2018) Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oils from Verbenaceae species growing in South America. Molecules 23: 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030544
|
| [4] | Zohrai HF, Ramazan E, Hariri A (2022) Biological activities and chemical composition of Rubia tinctorum (L) root and aerial part extracts thereof. Acta Biol Colomb 27: 403-414. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v27n3.95476 |
| [5] |
Bougatef H, Tandia F, Sila A, et al. (2023) Polysaccharides from baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit pulp: Structural features and biological properties. S Afr J Bot 157: 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.04.024
|
| [6] |
Ebaid H, Bashandy SA, Alhazza IM, et al. (2019) Efficacy of a methanolic extract of Adansonia digitata leaf in alleviating hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress of diabetic rats. BioMed Res Int 2019: 2835152. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2835152
|
| [7] | Abdulrahman MD, Zakariya AM, Hama HA, et al. (2022) Ethnopharmacology, biological evaluation, and chemical composition of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.: a review. Adv Pharm Pharm Sci 2022: 4495688. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4495688 |
| [8] | Carvalho LVDN, Cordeiro MF, Sampaio MCPD, et al. (2016) Evaluation of antibacterial, antineoplastic, and immunomodulatory activity of Paullinia cupana seeds crude extract and ethyl-acetate fraction. Evid-Based Compl Alt 2016: 1203274. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1203274 |
| [9] | Abdulrahman MD, Hamad SW (2022) Traditional methods for treatment and management of measles in Northern Nigeria: medicinal plants and their molecular docking. Ethnobotany Res Appl 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.23.33.1-18 |
| [10] |
Hou T, Wang J (2008) Structure–ADME relationship: still a long way to go?. Expert Opin Drug Met 4: 759. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.4.6.759
|
| [11] |
An NTG, Huong LT, Satyal P, et al. (2020) Mosquito larvicidal activity, antimicrobial activity, and chemical compositions of essential oils from four species of Myrtaceae from central Vietnam. Plants 9: 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040544
|
| [12] |
Adeniyi CBA, Lawal TO, Mahady GB (2009) In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus torelliana. Pharm Biol 47: 99-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200802448708
|
| [13] |
Sabo VA, Knezevic P (2019) Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. plant extracts and essential oils: a review. Ind Crop Prod 132: 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.02.051
|
| [14] |
Silva J, Abebe W, Sousa S, et al. (2003) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. J Ethnopharmacol 89: 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.007
|
| [15] | Abubakar EMM (2010) Antibacterial potential of crude leaf extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis against some pathogenic bacteria. Afr J Plant Sci 4: 202-209. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS.9000020 |
| [16] | OO A, Adeniyi BA (2008) The antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae). J Appl Sci Res 4: 1410-1413. http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/id/eprint/6073 |
| [17] |
Knezevic P, Aleksic V, Simin N, et al. (2016) Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and their interactions with conventional antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Ethnopharmacol 178: 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.008
|
| [18] | Abdulrahman MD, Hasan Nudin NF, Khandaker MM, et al. (2019) In vitro biological investigations on Syzygium polyanthum cultivars. Int J Agr Biol 22: 1399-1406. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1214 |
| [19] |
Sitthan VK, Abdallah MS, Nallappan M, et al. (2023) Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts of leaves and stem of Alyxia reinwardtii blume. Malays Appl Biol 52: 67-80. https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i6.2581
|
| [20] |
DOGARA AM (2023) Chemical composition of Corymbia citriodora. Nusant Biosci 15: 172-178. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n150205
|
| [21] | Mahmoud AD, Ali AM, Khandaker MM, et al. (2019) Discrimination of Syzygium polyanthum Cultivars (Wight) Walp based on essential oil composition. J Agrobiotechnology 10: 1-9. |
| [22] | Yunusa AK, Abdullahi N, Rilwan A, et al. (2018) DPPH Radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel and seed. Annals: Food Sci Technol : 774-779. |
| [23] |
Yunusa AK, Rashid ZM, Mat N, et al. (2018) Chemicals and bioactivity discrimination of syconia of seven varieties of Ficus deltoidea Jack via ATR-IR spectroscopic-based metabolomics. Pharmacog J 10: s141-s151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.6s.27
|
| [24] | Nudin NFH, Ali AM, Awang NA, et al. Discrimination of Syzygium polyanthum cultivars (wight) walp based on essential oil composition. J Agrobiotechnol (Malaysia) (2019) 1-9. |
| [25] | Usman M, Abdulrahman MD, Hamad S, et al. (2022) Antioxidants, anti-inflammation, anti-hyperglycemia and chemical evaluation of the whole plant extracts of Anisopus mannii N.E. Br. Zanco J Pure Appl Sci 34: 114-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/zjpas |
| [26] |
Pettersen EF, Goddard TD, Huang CC, et al. (2004) UCSF Chimera—a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput Chem 25: 1605-1612. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20084
|
| [27] |
Dakpa G, Kumar KJS, Nelen J, et al. (2023) Antcin-B, a phytosterol-like compound from Taiwanofungus camphoratus inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLPro) activity in silico and in vitro. Sci Rep 13: 17106. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44476-x
|
| [28] |
Eberhardt J, Santos-Martins D, Tillack AF (2021) AutoDock Vina 1.2. 0: new docking methods, expanded force field, and python bindings. J Chem Inf Model 61: 3891-3898. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00203
|
| [29] |
Kuriata A, Gierut AM, Oleniecki T, et al. (2018) CABS-flex 2.0: a web server for fast simulations of flexibility of protein structures. Nucleic Acids Res 46: W338-W343. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky356
|
| [30] |
Poojary MM, Vishnumurthy KA, Adhikari AV (2015) Extraction, characterization and biological studies of phytochemicals from Mammea suriga. J Pharm Anal 5: 182-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.01.002
|
| [31] |
Al-Qurainy F, Gaafar A, Khan V, et al. (2013) Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Breonadia salicina (Rubiaceae), an endangered medicinal plant of Saudi Arabia. Genet Mol Res 12: 3212-3219. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2013.August.29.5
|
| [32] | Danduru AP, Avanti C (2020) Antioxidant activity screening of seven Indonesian herbal extract. Biodiversitas 21: 2062-2067. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210532 |
| [33] |
Noipha K, Suwannarat P, Prom-in S, et al. (2024) Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of hevea brasiliensis leaves extract. HAYATI J Biosci 31: 241-247. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.31.2.241-247
|
| [34] |
Stagos D (2019) Antioxidant activity of polyphenolic plant extracts. Antioxidants 9: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010019
|
| [35] |
Ahamad J, Uthirapathy S, Mohammed Ameen MS, et al. (2019) Essential oil composition and antidiabetic, anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves from Erbil (Iraq). J Essent Oil Bear Plants 22: 1544-1553. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2019.1689179
|
| [36] |
Alkefai NH, Ahamad J, Amin S, et al. (2018) Arylated gymnemic acids from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. Phytochem Lett 25: 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2018.04.021
|
| [37] | Abdulrahman MD, Hasan Nudin NF, Khandaker MM, et al. (2019) In vitro biological investigations on Syzygium polyanthum cultivars. Int J Agric Biol 22: 1399-1406. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1214 |
| [38] |
Bharti SK, Krishnan S, Kumar A, et al. (2018) Antidiabetic phytoconstituents and their mode of action on metabolic pathways. Ther Adv Endocrinol 9: 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018818755019
|
| [39] |
Lee JW, Kim NH, Kim JY, et al. (2013) Aromadendrin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of JNK in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Biomol Ther 21: 216. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2013.023
|
| [40] |
Bakun P, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Goslinski T, et al. (2021) In vitro and in vivo biological activities of azulene derivatives with potential applications in medicine. Med Chem Res 30: 834-846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-021-02701-0
|
| [41] | YELUGUDARI B, MESRAM N, KARNATI PR (2023) 9-Hexadecenoic acid rich HPLC fraction of Pithecellobium dulce methanolic seed extract exhibits potential antiinflammatory activity by inhibiting IL-8, IL-6, and PGE2: phytochemical characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. J Res Pharm 27: 1734. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.458 |
| [42] | Khan MS, Uzair M, Hanif M, et al. (2022) Anti-inflammatory potential of spectroscopically analyzed trans-13-octadecenoic acid of Yucca elephantipes Regel roots: in-vitro and in-vivo analysis. Pak J Pharm Sci 35: 1549. https://doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2022.35.6.REG.1549-1556.1 |
| [43] | Shityakov S, Förster C (2014) In silico predictive model to determine vector-mediated transport properties for the blood–brain barrier choline transporter. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 7: 23-36. https://doi.org/10.2147/AABC.S63749 |
| [44] |
Arthur DE, Uzairu A (2019) Molecular docking studies on the interaction of NCI anticancer analogues with human Phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit. J King Saud Univ-Sc 31: 1151-1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2019.01.011
|
| [45] |
Ortiz CLD, Completo GC, Nacario R, et al. (2019) Potential inhibitors of galactofuranosyltransferase 2 (GlfT2): molecular docking, 3D-QSAR, and in silico ADMETox studies. Sci Rep 9: 17096. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52764-8
|
| [46] | Dibha AF, Wahyuningsih S, Kharisma VD, et al. (2022) Biological activity of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) against SARS-CoV-2 main protease: In silico study. Int J Health Sci 6: 468-480. |
| [47] |
Chuanphongpanich S, Racha S, Saengsitthisak B, et al. (2023) Computational assessment of Cannflavin A as a TAK1 inhibitor: implication as a potential therapeutic target for anti-inflammation. Sci Pharm 91: 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm91030036
|
| [48] |
Umar AK, Zothantluanga JH, Luckanagul JA, et al. (2023) Structure-based computational screening of 470 natural quercetin derivatives for identification of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor. PeerJ 11: e14915. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14915
|
| [49] |
Jacob E, Unger R (2007) A tale of two tails: why are terminal residues of proteins exposed?. Bioinformatics 23: e225-e230. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl318
|
| [50] |
Mushtaq A, Azam U, Mehreen S, et al. (2023) Synthetic α-glucosidase inhibitors as promising anti-diabetic agents: recent developments and future challenges. Eur J Med Chem 249: 115119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115119
|
 biophy-11-03-015-s001.pdf |
 |
Figures(9) / Tables(3)
Abdulrahaman Mahmoud Dogara, Ateeq Ahmed Al-Zahrani, Sarwan W. Bradosty, Saber W. Hamad, Shorsh Hussein Bapir, Talar K. Anwar. Antioxidant, α-glucosidase, antimicrobial activities chemical composition and in silico analysis of eucalyptus camaldulensis dehnh[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2024, 11(3): 255-280. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2024015
DownLoad: