Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders

Kurumi Taniguchi; Yuka Ikeda; Nozomi Nagase; Ai Tsuji; Yasuko Kitagishi; Satoru Matsuda; Kurumi Taniguchi; Yuka Ikeda; Nozomi Nagase; Ai Tsuji; Yasuko Kitagishi; Satoru Matsuda

doi:10.3934/bioeng.2021021

AIMS Bioengineering

2021, Volume 8, Issue 4: 243-256. doi: 10.3934/bioeng.2021021

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Mini review

Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders

Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan

Received: 25 July 2021 Accepted: 08 October 2021 Published: 13 October 2021

Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical signiﬁcance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.
- psychiatric disorders,
- gut-brain axis,
- microbiome,
- short chain fatty acids,
- D-amino acids,
- reactive oxygen species
Citation: Kurumi Taniguchi, Yuka Ikeda, Nozomi Nagase, Ai Tsuji, Yasuko Kitagishi, Satoru Matsuda. Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders[J]. AIMS Bioengineering, 2021, 8(4): 243-256. doi: 10.3934/bioeng.2021021

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Abstract

Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical signiﬁcance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.

Abbreviations

Alzheimer's disease

ADHD

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ASD

autism spectrum disorder

BBB

blood brain barrier

CNS

central nervous system

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

GABA

gamma amino butyric acid

gastrointestinal

GPR

G protein-coupled receptor

HDACs

histone deacetylases

LPS

lipopolysaccharide

ROS

reactive oxygen species

SOD

superoxide dismutase

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the general grant from Nara Women's University in Japan.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author contributions

Conceptualization, KT and SM; original draft preparation and editing, KT, YI, NN, AT, YK and SM; visualization, KT and SM; supervision, SM. Each author (KT, YI, NN, AT, YK, SM) has participated sufficiently in this work of drafting the article and/or revising the article for the important rational content. All authors gave final approval of the version to be submitted.

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