Targeted delivery of gold nanoparticles by neural stem cells to glioblastoma for enhanced radiation therapy: a review

Mogesh Sababathy; Ghayathri Ramanathan; Suat Cheng Tan; Mogesh Sababathy; Ghayathri Ramanathan; Suat Cheng Tan

doi:10.3934/Neuroscience.2022017

AIMS Neuroscience

2022, Volume 9, Issue 3: 303-319. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2022017

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Review

Targeted delivery of gold nanoparticles by neural stem cells to glioblastoma for enhanced radiation therapy: a review

1.
Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
2.
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3.
School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Received: 29 March 2022 Revised: 09 June 2022 Accepted: 01 July 2022 Published: 08 July 2022

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most malignant subtype of brain cancer derived from astrocytes in the brain. Radiotherapy is one of the standard treatments for GB patients, but its effectiveness is often limited by the radioresistance of aggressive GB cells. Higher dose of radiation needs to be applied to GB patients to eliminate these stubborn cells, but this also means more side effects on the adjacent healthy cells because the radiation beam could indistinguishably harm all cells exposed to it. In order to address this problem, various strategies have been studied to enhance the radiosensitivity among the radioresistant cell populations for targeted eradication of GB without harming other surrounding healthy cells. One of the promising strategies for radiosensitization is to use gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which can enhance photoelectric effects within the radioresistant cells for higher killing efficiency even at low doses of radiation. Nonetheless, there is no evidence showing the capability of these nanoparticles to travel to brain tumor cells, therefore, the application of this nanotechnology is very much dependent on the development of a suitable carrier to deliver the AuNPs to the GB tumor sites specifically. In this review article, we discussed the potentials of neural stem cells (NSCs) as biological carriers to carry AuNPs to targeted GB tumor sites and provided new insights into the potential of NSC-based targeted delivery system for GB treatment. The information reported here may pave a new direction for clinical transformation of next-generation nanoparticle-assisted radiotherapy to optimize the efficacy of radiotherapy for GB treatment.
- glioblastoma,
- gold nanoparticle,
- radiosensitization,
- neural stem cells,
- targeted delivery
Citation: Mogesh Sababathy, Ghayathri Ramanathan, Suat Cheng Tan. Targeted delivery of gold nanoparticles by neural stem cells to glioblastoma for enhanced radiation therapy: a review[J]. AIMS Neuroscience, 2022, 9(3): 303-319. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2022017

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Abstract

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most malignant subtype of brain cancer derived from astrocytes in the brain. Radiotherapy is one of the standard treatments for GB patients, but its effectiveness is often limited by the radioresistance of aggressive GB cells. Higher dose of radiation needs to be applied to GB patients to eliminate these stubborn cells, but this also means more side effects on the adjacent healthy cells because the radiation beam could indistinguishably harm all cells exposed to it. In order to address this problem, various strategies have been studied to enhance the radiosensitivity among the radioresistant cell populations for targeted eradication of GB without harming other surrounding healthy cells. One of the promising strategies for radiosensitization is to use gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which can enhance photoelectric effects within the radioresistant cells for higher killing efficiency even at low doses of radiation. Nonetheless, there is no evidence showing the capability of these nanoparticles to travel to brain tumor cells, therefore, the application of this nanotechnology is very much dependent on the development of a suitable carrier to deliver the AuNPs to the GB tumor sites specifically. In this review article, we discussed the potentials of neural stem cells (NSCs) as biological carriers to carry AuNPs to targeted GB tumor sites and provided new insights into the potential of NSC-based targeted delivery system for GB treatment. The information reported here may pave a new direction for clinical transformation of next-generation nanoparticle-assisted radiotherapy to optimize the efficacy of radiotherapy for GB treatment.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for the support in granting permission to conduct the research. We thank Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) libraries (Perpustakaan Hamdan Tahir and Perpustakaan Hamzah Sendut), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) library (Perpustakaan Sultan Abdul Samad), and Universiti Malaya (UM) Main Library for providing the resources to write the systematic review. We also appreciate all the scientists whose works contributed to this review article.

Funding

This article was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for Fundamental Research Grant Scheme with Project Codes: FRGS/2/2013/SKK01/USM/03/1.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author contributions

M.S and G.R: literature review search and write original draft; S.C.T: literature review search, review and edit original draft. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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