An exegesis of bacteriophage therapy: An emerging player in the fight against anti-microbial resistance

Oluwafolajimi Adesanya; Tolulope Oduselu; Oluwawapelumi Akin-Ajani; Olubusuyi M. Adewumi; Olusegun G. Ademowo; Oluwafolajimi Adesanya; Tolulope Oduselu; Oluwawapelumi Akin-Ajani; Olubusuyi M. Adewumi; Olusegun G. Ademowo

doi:10.3934/microbiol.2020014

AIMS Microbiology

2020, Volume 6, Issue 3: 204-230. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2020014

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Review

An exegesis of bacteriophage therapy: An emerging player in the fight against anti-microbial resistance

1.
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
2.
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
3.
Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
4.
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Received: 08 May 2020 Accepted: 19 July 2020 Published: 22 July 2020

Bacteriophages (simply referred to as Phages) are a class of viruses with the ability to infect and kill prokaryotic cells (bacteria), but are unable to infect mammalian cells. This unique ability to achieve specific infectiousness by bacteriophages has been harnessed in antibacterial treatments dating back almost a decade before the antibiotic era began. Bacteriophages were used as therapeutic agents in treatment of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae as far back as 1919 and in the experimental treatment of a wide variety of other bacterial infections caused by Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp. etc, with varying degrees of success. Phage therapy and its many prospects soon fell out of favour in western medicine after the Second World War, with the discovery of penicillin. The Soviet Union and other countries in Eastern Europe however mastered the craft of bacteriophage isolation, purification and cocktail preparation, with phage-based therapeutics becoming widely available over-the-counter. With the recent rise in cases of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections, the clamour for a return to phage therapy, as a potential solution to the anti-microbial resistance (AMR) crisis has grown louder. This review provides an extensive exposé on phage therapy, addressing its historical use, evidences of its safety and efficacy, its pros and cons when compared with antibiotics, cases of compassionate use for treating life-threatening antibiotic-resistant infections, the limitations to its acceptance and how these may be circumvented.
- bacteriophage,
- phage therapy,
- antimicrobial resistance,
- antibiotics,
- ESKAPE
Citation: Oluwafolajimi Adesanya, Tolulope Oduselu, Oluwawapelumi Akin-Ajani, Olubusuyi M. Adewumi, Olusegun G. Ademowo. An exegesis of bacteriophage therapy: An emerging player in the fight against anti-microbial resistance[J]. AIMS Microbiology, 2020, 6(3): 204-230. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2020014

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Abstract

Bacteriophages (simply referred to as Phages) are a class of viruses with the ability to infect and kill prokaryotic cells (bacteria), but are unable to infect mammalian cells. This unique ability to achieve specific infectiousness by bacteriophages has been harnessed in antibacterial treatments dating back almost a decade before the antibiotic era began. Bacteriophages were used as therapeutic agents in treatment of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae as far back as 1919 and in the experimental treatment of a wide variety of other bacterial infections caused by Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp. etc, with varying degrees of success. Phage therapy and its many prospects soon fell out of favour in western medicine after the Second World War, with the discovery of penicillin. The Soviet Union and other countries in Eastern Europe however mastered the craft of bacteriophage isolation, purification and cocktail preparation, with phage-based therapeutics becoming widely available over-the-counter. With the recent rise in cases of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections, the clamour for a return to phage therapy, as a potential solution to the anti-microbial resistance (AMR) crisis has grown louder. This review provides an extensive exposé on phage therapy, addressing its historical use, evidences of its safety and efficacy, its pros and cons when compared with antibiotics, cases of compassionate use for treating life-threatening antibiotic-resistant infections, the limitations to its acceptance and how these may be circumvented.

Abbreviation IBMV: Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage Microbiology & Virology; WHO: World Health Organization; AMR: Anti-Microbial Resistance; CDC: Centre for Disease Control & Prevention; USA: United States of America; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor; IFN–Interferon; EPS: Extracellular Polymeric Substance; CF: Cystic Fibrosis; ARG: Antibiotics Resistance Gene; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid; CRISPR: Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; MRSA: Methicillin Resistant ; MRCNS: Methicillin Resistant Coagulase Negative ; EUR: Euro;
Acknowledgments

None

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest

Author Contributions

OA and TO conceived and designed the study; performed the literature search and prepared the manuscript. OA-A participated in the literature search, provided the illustrations used and reviewed the manuscript for writing errors. MA and OA reviewed and edited the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors have approved the final manuscript for publication.

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