Numerical techniques for electromagnetic simulation of daytime radiative cooling: A review

Jie Feng; Mattheos Santamouris; Jie Feng; Mattheos Santamouris

doi:10.3934/matersci.2019.6.1049

AIMS Materials Science

2019, Volume 6, Issue 6: 1049-1064. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2019.6.1049

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Review

Numerical techniques for electromagnetic simulation of daytime radiative cooling: A review

Jie Feng ^{1
,
,},
Mattheos Santamouris ^1,2

1.
Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
2.
The Anita Lawrence Chair of High Performance Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia

Received: 16 August 2019 Accepted: 24 October 2019 Published: 31 October 2019

Radiative cooling is a well-researched cooling technique based on the ability of terrestrial surfaces to dissipate heat to the cold space. Past research on radiative cooling failed to present subambient temperatures under direct sunlight due to the limited solar reflectance and emissivity in the atmospheric window. Nanostructures developed in recent years have successfully achieved subambient feature during the daytime. The use of electromagnetic simulation in the design of such structures is essential to understand their optical properties and thus optimize the structures and materials selected before manufacture. In this paper, the commonly used software to solve Maxwell’s equations is first reported. Then the numerical techniques are reviewed and their advantages, limitations, and popularity in academic research are compared and analyzed. After that, the application of these numerical techniques in daytime radiative cooling and the extent of the agreement between their results and those of a reference are discussed. The accuracy analysis of these numerical techniques—including the source of errors in the original calculation, how accuracy of the result is evaluated, and explanations for the discrepancies in results between original and reference computations—are discussed in the final part, as well as the characteristics of numerical technique preferred in radiative cooling. The purpose of this paper is to provide strategies for selecting appropriate numerical techniques according to specific needs, evaluating, and analyzing the accuracy of the calculations, and explaining the cause of discrepancies between original and reference computations.
- electromagnetic simulation,
- numerical technique,
- daytime radiative cooling,
- accuracy,
- discrepancies
Citation: Jie Feng, Mattheos Santamouris. Numerical techniques for electromagnetic simulation of daytime radiative cooling: A review[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2019, 6(6): 1049-1064. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2019.6.1049

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Abstract

Radiative cooling is a well-researched cooling technique based on the ability of terrestrial surfaces to dissipate heat to the cold space. Past research on radiative cooling failed to present subambient temperatures under direct sunlight due to the limited solar reflectance and emissivity in the atmospheric window. Nanostructures developed in recent years have successfully achieved subambient feature during the daytime. The use of electromagnetic simulation in the design of such structures is essential to understand their optical properties and thus optimize the structures and materials selected before manufacture. In this paper, the commonly used software to solve Maxwell’s equations is first reported. Then the numerical techniques are reviewed and their advantages, limitations, and popularity in academic research are compared and analyzed. After that, the application of these numerical techniques in daytime radiative cooling and the extent of the agreement between their results and those of a reference are discussed. The accuracy analysis of these numerical techniques—including the source of errors in the original calculation, how accuracy of the result is evaluated, and explanations for the discrepancies in results between original and reference computations—are discussed in the final part, as well as the characteristics of numerical technique preferred in radiative cooling. The purpose of this paper is to provide strategies for selecting appropriate numerical techniques according to specific needs, evaluating, and analyzing the accuracy of the calculations, and explaining the cause of discrepancies between original and reference computations.

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