Review Topical Sections

Properties, performance, and applications of biofuel blends: a review

  • Received: 15 May 2017 Accepted: 28 July 2017 Published: 03 August 2017
  • Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel derived from living plants or animal matter can be used directly in their neat forms or as blends with their fossil counterparts in internal combustion engines. Although the properties and performance of neat biofuels have been extensively reported, this is not the case for many blends. The purpose of this review is to analyze different forms of biofuel blends that are under research and development comparing their utility and performance in the two primary classes of engines, i.e., spark ignition and compression ignition engines. The fuel properties, performance and emission characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of various fuel blends are compared and discussed. The analysis reveals certain blends possess better overall fuel properties and yield better overall performance than the neat or fossil forms.

    Citation: Husam Al-Mashhadani, Sandun Fernando. Properties, performance, and applications of biofuel blends: a review[J]. AIMS Energy, 2017, 5(4): 735-767. doi: 10.3934/energy.2017.4.735

    Related Papers:

  • Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel derived from living plants or animal matter can be used directly in their neat forms or as blends with their fossil counterparts in internal combustion engines. Although the properties and performance of neat biofuels have been extensively reported, this is not the case for many blends. The purpose of this review is to analyze different forms of biofuel blends that are under research and development comparing their utility and performance in the two primary classes of engines, i.e., spark ignition and compression ignition engines. The fuel properties, performance and emission characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of various fuel blends are compared and discussed. The analysis reveals certain blends possess better overall fuel properties and yield better overall performance than the neat or fossil forms.


    加载中
    [1] Lois E (2007) Definition of biodiesel. Fuel 86: 1212–1213. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.09.028
    [2] Ma F, Hanna MA (1999) Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresource Technol 70: 1–15. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5
    [3] Sharma KR (2015) Improvement of biodiesel product yield during simple consecutive-competitive reactions. JEAS 5: 204–216. doi: 10.4236/jeas.2015.54017
    [4] Hossain AS, Salleh A, Boyce AN, et al. (2008) Biodiesel fuel production from algae as renewable energy. Am J Biochem Biotech 4: 250–254. doi: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.250.254
    [5] Demirbas A (2007) Importance of biodiesel as transportation fuel. Energ policy 35: 4661–4670. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.04.003
    [6] Sarin R, Sharma M, Sinharay S, et al. (2007) Jatropha-palm biodiesel blends: an optimum mix for Asia. Fuel 86: 1365–1371. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.11.040
    [7] Demirbas A (2008) Relationships derived from physical properties of vegetable oil and biodiesel fuels. Fuel 87: 1743–1748. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.08.007
    [8] Silitonga A, Masjuki H, Mahlia T, et al. (2013) Overview properties of biodiesel diesel blends from edible and non-edible feedstock. Renew Sust Energ Rev 22: 346–360. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.055
    [9] Center UAFD (2016) ASTM Biodiesel Specifications. Available from: http://wwwafdcenergygov/fuels/biodiesel_specificationshtml.
    [10] Tyson KS, McCormick RL (2006) Biodiesel handling and use guidelines: US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
    [11] Capareda S (2013) Introduction to biomass energy conversions, CRC Press.
    [12] Canakci M, van Gerpen JH (1998) The performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel from yellow grease and soybean oil. Available from: http://web.cals.uidaho.edu/biodiesel/files/2013/08/ASABE-016050.pdf.
    [13] Phan AN, Phan TM (2008) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel 87: 3490–3496. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.008
    [14] Candeia R, Silva M, Carvalho FJ, et al. (2009) Influence of soybean biodiesel content on basic properties of biodiesel-diesel blends. Fuel 88: 738–743. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2008.10.015
    [15] Altın R, Cetinkaya S, Yücesu HS (2001) The potential of using vegetable oil fuels as fuel for diesel engines. Energ Convers Manage 42: 529–538. doi: 10.1016/S0196-8904(00)00080-7
    [16] Dhar A, Kevin R, Agarwal AK (2012) Production of biodiesel from high-FFA neem oil and its performance, emission and combustion characterization in a single cylinder DICI engine. Fuel Process Technol 97: 118–129. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.01.012
    [17] Gumus M, Kasifoglu S (2010) Performance and emission evaluation of a compression ignition engine using a biodiesel (apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester) and its blends with diesel fuel. Biomass Bioenerg 34: 134–139. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.10.010
    [18] Haas MJ, Scott KM, Alleman TL, et al. (2001) Engine performance of biodiesel fuel prepared from soybean soapstock: a high quality renewable fuel produced from a waste feedstock ‖. Energ Fuel 15: 1207–1212. doi: 10.1021/ef010051x
    [19] Chiu CW, Schumacher LG, Suppes GJ (2004) Impact of cold flow improvers on soybean biodiesel blend. Biomass Bioenerg 27: 485–491. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.04.006
    [20] Lapuerta M, Armas O, Rodriguez-Fernandez J (2008) Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Prog Energ Combust 34: 198–223. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2007.07.001
    [21] Barker LR, Kelly WR, Guthrie WF (2008) Determination of sulfur in biodiesel and petroleum diesel by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) using the gravimetric standard addition method−II. Energ Fuel 22: 2488–2490. doi: 10.1021/ef800165j
    [22] Sirviö K, Niemi S, Heikkilä S, et al. (2016) The effect of sulphur content on B20 fuel stability. Agronomy Res 14: 244–250.
    [23] Fernando S, Hanna M, Adhikari S (2007) Lubricity characteristics of selected vegetable oils, animal fats, and their derivatives. Appl Eng Agric 23: 5–11. doi: 10.13031/2013.22324
    [24] Baig A, Ng FT (2011) Determination of acid number of biodiesel and biodiesel blends. J Am Oil Chem Soc 88: 243–253. doi: 10.1007/s11746-010-1667-x
    [25] Catoire L, Naudet V (2004) A unique equation to estimate flash points of selected pure liquids application to the correction of probably erroneous flash point values. J Phys Chem Ref Data 33: 1083–1111. doi: 10.1063/1.1835321
    [26] Ateeq EA (2015) Biodiesel viscosity and flash point determination: Faculty of Graduate Studies Biodiesel Viscosity and Flash Point Determination By Eman Ali Ateeq Supervisor Prof. Issam Rashid Abdelraziq Co-Supervisor Prof. Sharif Mohammad Musameh This Thesis is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Physics, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An–Najah National University.
    [27] Sivaramakrishnan K, Ravikumar P (2012) Determination of cetane number of biodiesel and its influence on physical properties. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 7: 205–211.
    [28] Demirbas A (2008) Biodiesel a realistic fuel alternative for diesel engines. El Campo Boletín De Información Agraria 107: 99–103.
    [29] Zappi M, Hernandez R, Sparks D, et al. (2003) A review of the engineering aspects of the biodiesel industry. MSU E-TECH Laboratory Report ET-03-003. Available from: https://shazaam.mississippi.org/assets/docs/library/eng_aspects_ch1.pdf.
    [30] Hazrat M, Rasul M, Khan MMK (2015) Lubricity improvement of the ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel with the biodiesel. Energ Procedia 75: 111–117. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.619
    [31] Green A (1967) Lubrication and lubricants. New York, NY: Elsevier, 317–328.
    [32] Georgi CW (1950) Motor oils and engine lubrication. Wear 12: 381–382.
    [33] ASTM D 974-08 (2008) Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration,American Society for Testing and Materials.
    [34] Wang H, Tang H, Wilson J, et al. (2008) Total acid number determination of biodiesel and biodiesel blends. J Am Oil Chem Soc 85: 1083–1086. doi: 10.1007/s11746-008-1289-8
    [35] Mahajan S, Konar SK (2006) Determining the acid number of biodiesel. J Am Oil Chem Soc 83: 567–570. doi: 10.1007/s11746-006-1241-8
    [36] Kalghatgi GT (2014) Fuel/engine interactions. SAE International.
    [37] Heywood J (1988) Internal combustion engine fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Education.
    [38] Zou L, Atkinson S (2003) Characterising vehicle emissions from the burning of biodiesel made from vegetable oil. Environ Technol 24: 1253–1260. doi: 10.1080/09593330309385667
    [39] Lee SW, Herage T, Young B (2004) Emission reduction potential from the combustion of soy methyl ester fuel blended with petroleum distillate fuel. Fuel 83: 1607–1613. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.02.001
    [40] Hadavi SA, Li H, Przybyla G, et al. (2012) Comparison of gaseous emissions for B100 and diesel fuels for real world urban and extra urban driving. SAE Int J Fuel Lubricants 5: 1132–1154. doi: 10.4271/2012-01-1674
    [41] Powell JJ (2007) Engine performance and exhaust emissions from a diesel engine using cottonseed oil biodiesel, Texas A&M University.
    [42] Muñoz M, Moreno F, Monné C, et al. (2011) Biodiesel improves lubricity of new low sulphur diesel fuels. Renew Energ 36: 2918–2924. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2011.04.007
    [43] Ramadhas A, Muraleedharan C, Jayaraj S (2005) Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil. Renew energ 30: 1789–1800. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2005.01.009
    [44] Nowatzki J, Shrestha D, Swenson A, et al. (2010) Biodiesel Cloud Point and Cold Weather Issues. Extension. org. Extension.
    [45] Labeckas G, Slavinskas S (2006) The effect of rapeseed oil methyl ester on direct injection diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions. Energ Convers Manage 47: 1954–1967. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2005.09.003
    [46] Ropkins K, Quinn R, Beebe J, et al. (2007) Real-world comparison of probe vehicle emissions and fuel consumption using diesel and 5% biodiesel (B5) blend. Sci Total Environ 376: 267–284. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.021
    [47] Yacobucci BD (2007) Fuel ethanol: background and public policy issues. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Available from: https://plbrgen.cals.cornell.edu/sites/plbrgen.cals.cornell.edu/files/shared/documents/forage/fuelethanol.pdf.
    [48] Zabed H, Sahu J, Boyce A, et al. (2016) Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: An overview on feedstocks and technological approaches. Renew Susta Energ Rev 66: 751–774. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.038
    [49] Newes EK, Bush BW, Peck CT, et al. (2015) Potential leverage points for development of the cellulosic ethanol industry supply chain. Biofuels 6: 1–9.
    [50] Park SH, Kim HJ, Suh HK, et al. (2009) Atomization and spray characteristics of bioethanol and bioethanol blended gasoline fuel injected through a direct injection gasoline injector. Int J Heat Fluid Fl 30: 1183–1192. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2009.07.002
    [51] Kheiralla AF, El-Awad M, Hassan MY, et al. (2011) Effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on fuel properties characteristics of spark ignition engines. Philos T R Soc A 295: 125–125.
    [52] Nwufo OC, Nwafor OMI, Igbokwe JO (2013) Effects of blends on the physical properties of bioethanol produced from selected Nigerian crops. Int J Ambient Energ 37: 10–15.
    [53] Renewable Fuel Association (2005) Ethanol fuel: industry guidelines, specifications, and procedures. Available from: https://ethanolrfa.3cdn.net/4eea401b7975120b97_nrm6bhv0i.pdf.
    [54] Koç M, Sekmen Y, Topgül T, et al. (2009) The effects of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine. Renew Energ 34: 2101–2106. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2009.01.018
    [55] Topgül T, Yücesu HS, Cinar C, et al. (2006) The effects of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends and ignition timing on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Renew Energ 31: 2534–2542. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2006.01.004
    [56] Ershov M, Trifonova E, Khabibullin I, et al. (2015) Chemmotological requirements of e30 and e85 bioethanol fuels and their potential uses. Chem Tech Fuels Oil 51: 438–443. doi: 10.1007/s10553-015-0622-9
    [57] Simio LD, Gambino M, Iannaccone S (2012) Effect of ethanol content on thermal efficiency of a spark-ignition light-duty engine. ISRN Renew Energ 2012: 1–8.
    [58] Al-Hasan M (2003) Effect of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emission. Energ Convers Manage 44: 1547–1561. doi: 10.1016/S0196-8904(02)00166-8
    [59] Bayraktar H (2005) Experimental and theoretical investigation of using gasoline–ethanol blends in spark-ignition engines. Renew Energ 30: 1733–1747. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2005.01.006
    [60] Zhu B, Zhang YY (2010) Physical properties of gasoline-alcohol blends and their influences on spray characteristics from a low pressure DI injector. 한국액체미립화학회학술발표논문집 2010: 73–79.
    [61] Hsieh WD, Chen RH, Wu TL, et al. (2002) Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol–gasoline blended fuels. Atmos Environ 36: 403–410. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00508-8
    [62] Thakur AK, Kaviti AK, Mehra R, et al. (2016) Performance analysis of ethanol–gasoline blends on a spark ignition engine: a review. Biofuels 2016: 1–22.
    [63] Hamdan M (1986) The effect of ethanol addition on the performance of diesel and gasoline engines. Dirasat Administrative Sciences, XIII.
    [64] Turner J, Pearson R, Holland B, et al. (2007) Alcohol-based fuels in high performance engines. Sae Technical Paper. 0148-7191 0148-7191.
    [65] Can O, Celikten I, Usta N (2005) Effects of ethanol blended diesel fuel on exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. J Eng Sci 11: 219–224.
    [66] Rahman MN, Atan N, Mokhtar A, et al. (2014) Influences of intake temperature and bio-petrol fuel temperature on SI engine: an overview. Appl Mech Mater 2015: 773–774.
    [67] He BQ, Wang JX, Hao JM, et al. (2003) A study on emission characteristics of an EFI engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels. Atmos Environ 37: 949–957. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00973-1
    [68] Cities C (2010) Flexible Fuel Vehicles: Providing a Renewable Fuel Choice. Avialable From: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47505.pdf.
    [69] Pasadakis N, Gaganis V, Foteinopoulos C (2006) Octane number prediction for gasoline blends. Fuel Process Technol 87: 505–509. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2005.11.006
    [70] Bromberg L, Cohn D (2008) Effective octane and efficiency advantages of direct injection alcohol engines. MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environment Cambridge. Avialable From: http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5735/a5426014511d2538aa58d0b99ced80d865d8.pdf.
    [71] Bossel U (2003) Well-to-wheel studies, heating values, and the energy conservation principle. European Fuel Cell Forum 22: 1–5.
    [72] Graham LA, Belisle SL, Baas CL (2008) Emissions from light duty gasoline vehicles operating on low blend ethanol gasoline and E85. Atmos Environ 42: 4498–4516. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.061
    [73] Budik G (2010) Conversion of internal combustion engine from gasoline to E85 fuel. Periodica Polytechnica Transport Eng 38: 19–23. doi: 10.3311/pp.tr.2010-1.04
    [74] Duncan DN (2014) Utilizing the thermodynamic properties of E85 to increase the specific efficiency of a high specific output single cylinder Formula SAE engine. Avialable From: http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/54818/DuncanDerekN2014.pdf;sequence=1.
    [75] Caton P, Hamilton L, Cowart J (2007) An experimental and modeling investigation into the comparative knock and performance characteristics of e85, gasohol [e10] and regular unleaded gasoline [87 (r+ m)/2]. SAE World Congress & Exhibition, 106–109.
    [76] Anderson J, DiCicco D, Ginder J, et al. (2012) High octane number ethanol–gasoline blends: quantifying the potential benefits in the United States. Fuel 97: 585–594. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.03.017
    [77] Yücesu HS, Topgül T, Cinar C, et al. (2006) Effect of ethanol–gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in different compression ratios. Appl Therm Eng 26: 2272–2278. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.03.006
    [78] Agarwal AK, Karare H, Dhar A (2014) Combustion, performance, emissions and particulate characterization of a methanol–gasoline blend (gasohol) fuelled medium duty spark ignition transportation engine. Fuel Process Technol 121: 16–24. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.12.014
    [79] Najafi G, Ghobadian B, Tavakoli T, et al. (2009) Performance and exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels using artificial neural network. Appl Energ 86: 630–639. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.09.017
    [80] Ajav E, Akingbehin O (2002) A study of some fuel properties of local ethanol blended with diesel fuel. Agricultural Engineering International Cigr Ejournal, 65–82.
    [81] Kheiralla A, El-Awad M, Hassan M, et al. (2012) Experimental Determination of Fuel Properties of Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Biofuel for SI engines, International Conference on Mechanical, Automobile and Robotics Engineering (ICMAR'2012) Penang. Malaysia, 244–249.
    [82] Kim S, Dale B (2006) Ethanol fuels: E10 or E85–Life cycle perspectives (5 pp). Int J Life Cycle Ass 11: 117–121. doi: 10.1065/lca2005.02.201
    [83] Abdel‐Rahman A, Osman M (1997) Experimental investigation on varying the compression ratio of SI engine working under different ethanol–gasoline fuel blends. Int J Energ Res 21: 31–40. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-114X(199701)21:1<31::AID-ER235>3.0.CO;2-5
    [84] Palmer FH (1986) Vehicle performance of gasoline containing oxygenates, International conference on petroleum based fuels and automotive applications. Imeche conference publications 1986-11. PAPER NO C319/86.
    [85] El-Kassaby M (1993) Effect of using differential ethanol–gasoline blends at different compression ratio on SI engine. Alexandria Engng J 32: A135–142.
    [86] Pikūnas A, Pukalskas S, Grabys J (2003) Influence of composition of gasoline–ethanol blends on parameters of internal combustion engines. J KONES Int Combus Eng 10: 3–4.
    [87] Alexandrian M, Schwalm M (1992) Comparison of ethanol and gasoline as automotive fuels. Winter Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, USA, 1–10.
    [88] Baker QA (1981) Use of alcohol-in-diesel fuel emulsions and solutions in a medium-speed diesel engine. SAE International Congress and Exposition. 0148-7191 0148-7191.
    [89] Gerdes K, Suppes G (2001) Miscibility of ethanol in diesel fuels. Ind Eng Chem Res 40: 949–956. doi: 10.1021/ie000566w
    [90] Hansen AC, Lyne PW, Zhang Q (2001) Ethanol-diesel blends: a step towards a bio-based fuel for diesel engines. Asae Paper. Avialable From: paperuri:(5d9650eadf9ab1e2392a41dab26f1215).
    [91] Waterland LR, Venkatesh S, Unnasch S (2003) Safety and performance assessment of ethanol/diesel blends (E-diesel): National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Avialable From: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34817.pdf.
    [92] Torres-Jimenez E, Svoljšak-Jerman M, Gregorc A, et al. (2009) Physical and chemical properties of ethanol− biodiesel blends for diesel engines. Energ Fuel 24: 2002–2009.
    [93] Ghobadian B, Rahimi H, Tavakkoli HT, et al. (2010) Production of bioethanol and sunflower methyl ester and investigation of fuel blend properties. J Agr Sci Tech-Iran 10: 225–232.
    [94] Garcia-Perez M, Adams TT, Goodrum JW, et al. (2007) Production and fuel properties of pine chip bio-oil/biodiesel blends. Energ Fuel 21: 2363–2372. doi: 10.1021/ef060533e
    [95] Chiaramonti D, Oasmaa A, Solantausta Y (2007) Power generation using fast pyrolysis liquids from biomass. Renew Sust Energ Rev 11: 1056–1086. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2005.07.008
    [96] Abu-Zaid M, Badran O, Yamin J (2004) Effect of methanol addition on the performance of spark ignition engines. Energ Fuel 18: 312–315. doi: 10.1021/ef030103d
    [97] Alasfour F (2000) The effect of elevated temperatures on spark ignition engine using 15% methanol-gasoline blend. ICE-ASME 34: 119–129.
    [98] Huanran H, Rui Z (2001) Methanol gasoline mixed fuel for gasoline engine. Patent.
    [99] Elfasakhany A (2015) Investigations on the effects of ethanol–methanol–gasoline blends in a spark-ignition engine: performance and emissions analysis. Eng Sci Technol Int J 18: 713–719. doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.05.003
    [100] Çelik MB, Özdalyan B, Alkan F (2011) The use of pure methanol as fuel at high compression ratio in a single cylinder gasoline engine. Fuel 90: 1591–1598. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.10.035
    [101] Yanju W, Shenghua L, Hongsong L, et al. (2008) Effects of methanol/gasoline blends on a spark ignition engine performance and emissions. Energ Fuel 22: 1254–1259. doi: 10.1021/ef7003706
    [102] Bardaie M, Janius R (1984) Conversion of spark-ignition engine for alcohol usage--comparative performance. Ama Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa & Latin America.
    [103] Arapatsakos CI, Karkanis AN, Sparis PD (2003) Behavior of a small four-stroke engine using as fuel methanol-gasoline mixtures. SAE Technical Paper. 0148-7191 0148-7191.
    [104] Arapatsakos C, Karkanis A, Sparis P (2004) Gasoline–ethanol, methanol mixtures and a small four-stroke engine. Int J heat Technol 22: 69–73.
    [105] Turner J, Pearson R, Dekker E, et al. (2013) Extending the role of alcohols as transport fuels using iso-stoichiometric ternary blends of gasoline, ethanol and methanol. Appl Energ 102: 72–86. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.044
    [106] Sileghem L, Coppens A, Casier B, et al. (2014) Performance and emissions of iso-stoichiometric ternary GEM blends on a production SI engine. Fuel 117: 286–293. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.043
    [107] Fernando S, Hanna M (2004) Development of a novel biofuel blend using ethanol-biodiesel-diesel microemulsions: EB-diesel. Energ Fuel 18: 1695–1703. doi: 10.1021/ef049865e
    [108] Labeckas G, Slavinskas S, Mažeika M (2014) The effect of ethanol–diesel–biodiesel blends on combustion, performance and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine. Energ Convers Manage 79: 698–720. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.12.064
    [109] Hulwan DB, Joshi SV (2011) Performance, emission and combustion characteristic of a multicylinder DI diesel engine running on diesel–ethanol–biodiesel blends of high ethanol content. Appl Energ 88: 5042–5055. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.07.008
    [110] Abdel‐Rahman A (1998) On the emissions from internal‐combustion engines: a review. Int J Energ Res 22: 483–513. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-114X(199805)22:6<483::AID-ER377>3.0.CO;2-Z
    [111] Ajav E, Singh B, Bhattacharya T (1999) Experimental study of some performance parameters of a constant speed stationary diesel engine using ethanol–diesel blends as fuel. Biomass Bioenerg 17: 357–365. doi: 10.1016/S0961-9534(99)00048-3
    [112] Hansen AC, Taylor AB, Lyne PWL, et al. (1987) Heat release in the compression-ignition combustion of ethanol. ASAE 5: 1507–1511.
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2017 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(9339) PDF downloads(1709) Cited by(20)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Figures(2)  /  Tables(9)

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog