We prove local Calderón-Zygmund type estimates for the gradient of weak solutions to degenerate or singular parabolic equations of p-Laplacian type with p>2nn+2 in weighted Lebesgue spaces Lqw. We introduce a new condition on the weight w which depends on the intrinsic geometry concerned with the parabolic p-Laplace problems. Our condition is weaker than the one in [
Citation: Mikyoung Lee, Jihoon Ok. Local Calderón-Zygmund estimates for parabolic equations in weighted Lebesgue spaces[J]. Mathematics in Engineering, 2023, 5(3): 1-20. doi: 10.3934/mine.2023062
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We prove local Calderón-Zygmund type estimates for the gradient of weak solutions to degenerate or singular parabolic equations of p-Laplacian type with p>2nn+2 in weighted Lebesgue spaces Lqw. We introduce a new condition on the weight w which depends on the intrinsic geometry concerned with the parabolic p-Laplace problems. Our condition is weaker than the one in [
Dedicated to Giuseppe Rosario Mingione, on the occasion of his 50th birthday.
We study local regularity theory for weak solutions to the following parabolic equations of p-Laplacian type:
ut−diva(Du)=−div(|F|p−2F)in ΩT:=Ω×(0,T], | (1.1) |
where Ω⊂Rn (n⩾2) is an open set, T is a positive constant, u=u(x,t) is a real valued function with (x,t)∈Ω×(0,T]=ΩT, ut is the partial derivative of u with respect to the time variable t, and Du∈Rn is the gradient of u with respect to the space variable x (i.e., Du=Dxu). For given p∈(1,∞), we assume that a:Rn→Rn satisfies the following p-growth and p-ellipticity conditions:
|a(ξ)|+|Dξa(ξ)||ξ|⩽L|ξ|p−1 | (1.2) |
and
Dξa(ξ)η⋅η⩾ν|ξ|p−2|η|2, | (1.3) |
for every ξ,η∈Rn∖{0}, and for some constants ν and L with 0<ν⩽1⩽L. The prototype of a is
a(ξ)=|ξ|p−2ξ. |
Lq-regularity theory with Calderón-Zygmund estimates for partial differential equations is originated from the classical result of Calderón and Zygmund [16] about the boundedness of linear operators including the Laplace operator. For the following p-Laplacian type equation
div(|Du|p−2Du)=div(|F|p−2F), |
a fundamental Lq-regularity theory, which is also called (nonlinear) Calderón-Zygmund theory, is to show the following implication:
|F|p∈Lq ⟹ |Du|p∈Lq,q>1, | (1.4) |
and obtain corresponding estimates, so-called Calderón-Zygmund estimates. In this regard, Iwaniec [26] first obtained Calderón-Zygmund estimates in the whole space Rn when p⩾2, and DiBenedetto and Manfredi [21] extended this result to the corresponding system with 1<p<∞. Thereafter, Caffarelli and Peral [15] considered general elliptic equations with p-growth, for instance, the stationary case of (1.1), applying a new approach by means of maximal functions and a covering argument obtained by Krylov and Safonov based on the Calderón-Zygmund decomposition. We further refer to e.g., [1,11,14,17,28] for Lq-regularity theory with corresponding Calderón-Zygmund estimates for elliptic problems.
Difficulty of the study on regularity theory for parabolic problems of p-Laplacian type is originated from the absence of the scaling invariant property: a constant multiple of a solution of the parabolic p-Laplace equation ut−div(|Du|p−2Du)=0 does not become a solution. It could be overcome by considering intrinsic parabolic cylinders depending on solutions, instead of the usual parabolic cylinders. This idea was introduced by DiBenedetto and Friedman in [19,20], see also the monograph [18], where Hölder regularity for parabolic p-Laplace systems had been established.
For the Lq-regularity theory, on the other hand, the approaches used in [26] and [15] are not directly applicable to the parabolic p-Laplacian type problems when p≠2, since the intrinsic geometry prevents the use of maximal functions. Finally, Acerbi and Mingione [2] established local Calderón-Zygmund estimates when p>2nn+2 with a new approach, hence proved the implication (1.4) in the local sense. We also refer to the higher integrability result of Kinnunen and Lewis in [27], where the implication (1.4) is obtained when q is sufficiently close to 1. Note that the condition p>2nn+2 is essential since there exists an unbounded weak solution to the parabolic p-Laplace system in this case, see [18]. It is worth pointing out that the approach in [2] does not employ maximal functions and the covering argument by Krylov and Safonov but a new covering argument used in [31] which is based on the Vitali covering lemma. It has led to the development of the Calderón- Zygmund theory for parabolic problems. For instance, we refer to [5,7,10] for global Calderón Zygmund theory in bounded domains, [6,33] for parabolic obstacle problems, [4,9] for parabolic problems with variable exponent, [25,32] for parabolic problems with growth and [35] for parabolic variational problems.
Research on Calderón-Zygmund estimates in general function spaces such as weighted Lebesgue spaces, Orlicz spaces, variable exponent Lebesgue spaces, Lorentz spaces have been actively conducted for the last decade, e.g., [3,8,12,29,36]. In particular, estimates in weighted Lebesgue spaces are crucial since these imply estimates in various function spaces by extrapolation argument, see [24, Section 5]. For parabolic problems with p-growth as in (1.1), Byun and Ryu [13] obtained global Calderón-Zygmund estimates in the weight Lebesgue spaces Lqw hence proved the following implication:
|F|p∈Lqw ⟹ |Du|p∈Lqw, | (1.5) |
with q>1 and the weight w satisfying the following Muckenhoupt type condition:
supQ∈C(−∫Qwdz)(−∫Qw−1q−1dz)q−1<∞, | (1.6) |
where C is the set of all cylinders of the form Br(x0)×(t1,t2)⊂Rn×R. On the other hand, if p=2, the same implication can be obtained for every usual parabolic Aq weight w, that is, w satisfies (1.6) with C the set of all parabolic cylinders of the form Br(x0)×(t0−r2,t0+r2). Therefore, there is a drastic change between the conditions of weights when p=2 and p≠2.
In this paper, we introduce a new parabolic Muckenhoupt type condition depending on the intrinsic geometry concerned with the parabolic p-Laplacian setting, see Definition 2.1. We emphasize that our condition on weights depends on p, and is weaker than the one in [13] and exactly the same as the parabolic Aq condition when p=2. With this condition we prove the implication (1.5) in the local sense by obtaining corresponding Calderón-Zymund estimates.
Now, we state our main result. Notation and the definition of the p-intrinsic Aq weight are introduced in next section. We say that u∈C0(0,T;L2(Ω))∩Lp(0,T;W1,p(Ω)) is a weak solution to (1.1) if
−∫ΩTuζtdz+∫ΩTa(Du)⋅Dζdz=∫ΩT|F|p−2F⋅Dζdz |
holds for every ζ∈C∞0(ΩT).
Theorem 1.1. Let p>2nn+2 and u∈C0(0,T;L2(Ω))∩Lp(0,T;W1,p(Ω)) be a weak solution to (1.1) with F∈Lp(ΩT,Rn). If w is a p-intrinsic Aq weight with q>1 and |F|p∈Lqw,loc(ΩT), then |Du|p∈Lqw,loc(ΩT).
Furthermore, there exists R0=R0(n,ν,L,p,q,[w]q,Du,F)>0 such that for every Q2r⋐ΩT with 2r<R0,
(1w(Qr)∫Qr|Du|pqwdz)1q⩽c(−∫Q2r[|Du|p+|F|p+1]dz)d+c(1w(Q2r)∫Q2r|F|pqwdz)1q | (1.7) |
for some c=c(n,ν,L,p,q,[w]q)>0, where
d:={2pp(n+2)−2n,if2nn+2<p<2,p2,ifp⩾2. | (1.8) |
Remark 1.1. In the above theorem, R0 will be chosen as in (3.1). Furthermore, when p=2 we may put R0=∞.
Remark 1.2. (Possible extensions) In this paper, we deal with only scalar problems without coefficients for simplicity. We can consider more general problems such as general non-autonomous parabolic equations with p-growth
ut−diva(x,t,Du)=−div(|F|p−2F), |
where a(x,t,ξ) satisfies (1.2), (1.3) and a VMO condition (see [10]), and parabolic p-Laplace systems with coefficients
ut−div((A(x,t)Du:Du)p−22A(x,t)Du)=−div(|F|p−2F), |
where u:ΩT→RN and A(x,t):Rn+1→Rn2N2 satisfies a VMO condition (see [2]). Moreover, as in [13], we can also consider global Calderón-Zygmund estimates in Reifenberg flat domains.
The remaining part of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce notation, weights with their main assumption, and comparison and regularity estimates for corresponding homogeneous problems. In Section 3, we prove our main theorem, Theorem 1.1.
Let z0=(x0,t0)∈Rn×R with x0=(x10,…,xn0), r,α,λ>0 and 1<p<∞. We define an α-parabolic cylinder by Qr,α(z0)=Br(x0)×(t0−αr2,t0+αr2) and an α-parabolic cube by ˜Qr,α(z0)=Cr(x0)×(t0−αr2,t0+αr2), where Br(x0):={x∈Rn:|x−x0|<r} and Cr(x0):={x=(x1,…,xn)∈Rn:max{|x1−x10|,…,|xn−xn0|}<r}. Note that Qr(z0):=Qr,1(z0) and ˜Qr(z0):=˜Qr,1(z0) is the usual parabolic cylinder and cube, respectively, and we denote ∂pQr(z0):=(Br(x0)×{t=t0−r2})∪(∂Br(x0)×[t0−r2,t0+r2)) Furthermore, when α=λ2−p we write Qλr(z0)=Qr,λ2−p(z0)=Br(x0)×(t0−λ2−pr2,t0+λ2−pr2) which is usually called a p-intrinsic parabolic cylinder since we will consider λ related to the weak solution to (1.1).
For an integrable function f:U→Rm with U⊂Rn+1 and 0<|U|<∞, we write (f)U=−∫Ufdz:=1|U|∫Ufdz, where |U| is the Lebesgue measure of U in Rn+1.
We say that w:Rn+1→R is a weight if it is nonnegative and locally integrable. For a weight w and a bounded open set U⊂Rn+1, we write
w(U):=∫Uwdz, |
and define by weighted Lebesgue space Lqw(U), 1⩽q<∞, the set of all measurable function f on U such that
‖f‖Lqw(U):=(∫U|f|qwdz)1q<∞. |
We introduce the assumption of the weight w in Theorem 1.1.
Definition 2.1. Let p,q∈(1,∞). We say that weight w:Rn+1→R is a p-intrinsic parabolic Aq weight if it satisfies that
[w]q:=supQ∈Cp(−∫Qwdz)(−∫Qw−1q−1dz)q−1<∞, | (2.1) |
where
Cp:={Qr,α(z0):z0∈Rn+1, r>0, α=λ2−p, 1⩽λ⩽max{1,r−n+22}}. |
Here, the α-parabolic cylinders Qr,α(z0) can be replaced by the α-parabolic cubes ˜Qr,α(z0).
Note that in the definition of the class Cp, the range of α with respect to p is following:
{1⩽α⩽max{1,r(p−2)(n+2)2}if p<2,α=1if p=2,min{1,r(p−2)(n+2)2}⩽α⩽1if p>2. |
Hence, Cp contains all the parabolic cylinders Qr(z0) and, in particular, C2 (i.e., p=2) consists of only the parabolic cylinders. Moreover, since r−n+22⩽ρ−n+22 for ρ∈(0,r], we have
Qr,α∈Cp ⟹ Qρ,α∈Cp for every ρ∈(0,r]. |
From this fact, we can obtain the following properties for p-intrinsic parabolic Aq weights, which are well known properties of the usual Aq weights, see e.g., [23, Section 7.2]. Proofs are exactly the same as the ones in there with just replacing cubes and the dimension n by the α-parabolic cubes and n+2, respectively. Therefore, we omit their proofs.
Proposition 2.1. Let p,q∈(1,∞) and w:Rn+1→R be a p-intrinsic parabolic Aq weight.
(1) For every f∈Lqw(Q) with Q∈Cp,
(−∫Q|f|dz)q⩽[w]qw(Q)∫Q|f|qwdz. | (2.2) |
(2) There exist γ,c>0 depending on n, q and [w]q such that
(−∫Qw1+γdz)11+γ⩽c−∫Qwdz. |
(3) There exist γ1>0 and c1,c2⩾1 depending on n, q and [w]q such that for every Q∈Cp and E⊂Q
1c1(|E||Q|)q⩽w(E)w(Q)⩽c2(|E||Q|)γ1. | (2.3) |
(4) w is a p-intrinsic parabolic Aq1 weight for every q1>q. Moreover, w is a p-intrinsic parabolic Aq′ weight for some q′∈(1,q), where q′ and [w]q′ depend on n, q and [w]q.
Example. On Rn+1, the function w(x,t)=max{|x|,√|t|}γ is a p-intrinsic Aq weight for p⩾2, q∈(1,∞) when −n<γ<n(q−1). Indeed, we first write
I[Q]:=(−∫Qmax{|x|,√|t|}γdz)(−∫Qmax{|x|,√|t|}−γq−1dz)q−1,Q∈Cp. |
We divide the α-parabolic cylinders Qr,λ2−p(z0) in Cp for z0=(x0,t0)∈Rn+1 into three cases:
(i) min{|x0|,√|t0|}⩾3r,
(ii) |x0|<3r and 3λ2−p2r⩽√|t0|<3r,
(iii) |x0|<3r and √|t0|<3λ2−p2r.
Note that if x∈Br(x0) and |x0|⩾3r,
23|x0|⩽|x0|−|x−x0|⩽|x|⩽|x−x0|+|x0|⩽43|x0|, |
and if t0−λ2−pr2⩽t⩽t0+λ2−pr2 and √|t0|>3λ2−p2r,
√83√|t0|⩽√|t0|−|t−t0|⩽√|t|⩽√|t−t0|+|t0|⩽√103√|t0|. |
In Case (i), if (x,t)∈Qr,λ2−p(z0), we have |x|≈|x0| and |t|≈|t0|, hence
I[Qr,λ2−p(z0)]⩽c(−∫Qr,λ2−p(z0)max{|x0|,√|t0|}γdz)(−∫Qr,λ2−p(z0)max{|x0|,√|t0|}−γq−1dz)q−1⏟=1=c. |
In Case (ii), if (x,t)∈Qr,λ2−p(z0), then |x|<4r and |t|≈|t0|<9r2, and hence
I[Qr,λ2−p(z0)]⩽c(−∫t0+λ2−pr2t0−λ2−pr2−∫B4r(0)max{|x|,√|t0|}γdxdt)×(−∫t0+λ2−pr2t0−λ2−pr2−∫B4r(0)max{|x|,√|t0|}−γq−1dx)q−1⩽c[1rn(∫√|t0|0|t0|γ2ρn−1dρ+∫4r√|t0|ργ+n−1dρ)]×[1rn(∫√|t0|0|t0|−γ2(q−1)ρn−1dρ+∫4r√|t0|ρ−γq−1+n−1dρ)]q−1⩽crnq[γ|t0|γ+n2n(n+γ)+(4r)γ+nγ+n][−γ|t0|nq−n−γ2(q−1)n(nq−n−γ)+(q−1)(4r)nq−n−γq−1nq−n−γ]q−1⩽crnqrγ+nrnq−n−γ=c, |
where we have used −n<γ<n(q−1).
In Case (iii), if (x,t)∈Qr,λ2−p(z0), then |x|⩽4r and |t|⩽10λ2−pr2, and hence, by the similar computation as in Case (ii), we have
I[Qr,λ2−p(z0)]⩽crnq[γn(n+γ)−∫10λ2−pr2−10λ2−pr2|t|γ+n2dt+(4r)γ+nγ+n]×[−γn(nq−n−γ)−∫10λ2−pr2−10λ2−pr2|t|n(q−1)−γ2(q−1)dt+(q−1)(4r)nq−n−γq−1nq−n−γ]q−1. |
Finally, using the facts that −n<γ<n(q−1) and λ⩾1,
I[Qr,λ2−p(z0)]⩽crnq[γ(λ2−pr2)γ+n2+rγ+n][−γ(λ2−pr2)n(q−1)−γ2(q−1)+rnq−n−γq−1]q−1⩽crnq(γλ(2−p)(γ+n)2rγ+n+rγ+n)(−γλ(2−p)(nq−n−γ)2(q−1)rnq−n−γq−1+rnq−n−γq−1)q−1⩽crnqrγ+nrnq−n−γ=c. |
We consider the following homogeneous problem in simple parabolic cylinder Q2=Q2(0):
{ht−diva(Dh)=0 inQ2,h=u on∂pQ2, | (2.4) |
where u∈C0(−22,22;L2(B2))∩Lp(−22,22;W1,p(B2)) is a weak solution to (1.1) with replacing ΩT by Q2. For the existence and the uniqueness of the weak solution h∈C0(−22,22;L2(B2))∩Lp(−22,22; W1,p(B2)) to the above equation, we refer to e.g., [34, Section III.4]. Then, we obtain the following regularity estimates for h and comparison estimate between u and h.
Lemma 2.1. Let u be a weak solution to (1.1) in Q2 with
−∫Q2|Du|pdz⩽1and−∫Q2|F|pdz⩽δp | (2.5) |
for some δ∈(0,1), and let h be the weak solution to (2.4). Then
‖Dh‖L∞(Q1,Rn)⩽c(−∫Q2|Dh|pdz+1)dp⩽cLip | (2.6) |
for some c,cLip⩾1 depending on n,ν,L and p, where d⩾1 is from (1.8).
Moreover, for any ε∈(0,1), there exists small δ=δ(n,ν,L,p,ε)∈(0,1) such that
−∫Q2|Du−Dh|pdz⩽ε. | (2.7) |
Proof. In view of [18, Section VIII.5], we have the first inequality in (2.6). We note that the Lipschitz regularity estimates in [18] are obtained for the parabolic p-Laplace systems. However, the same argument can apply to equations of p-Laplacian type such as (1.1) with the nonlinearity a satisfying (1.2) and (1.3).
Regarding (2.7) and the second inequality in (2.6), similar comparison estimates can be found in numerous papers, see e.g., [2,5,10]. But, we shall prove them in details for completeness.
We take ζ=u−h as a test function in (1.1) and (2.4) to obtain
∫Q2ut(u−h)dz+∫Q2a(Du)⋅(Du−Dh)dz=∫Q2|F|p−2F⋅(Du−Dh)dz |
and
∫Q2ht(u−h)dz+∫Q2a(Dh)⋅(Du−Dh)dz=0. |
We notice that u and h are not differentiable for t. However, by considering their Steklov averages (see e.g., [18, Section I.3] and [6]), we may assume that they are differentiable for t. Then we have
∫Q2(u−h)t(u−h)dz+∫Q2(a(Du)−a(Dh))⋅(Du−Dh)dz=∫Q2|F|p−2F⋅(Du−Dh)dz. |
Note that
∫Q2(u−h)t(u−h)dz=∫Q212∂∂t(u−h)2dz=12∫Br(u−h)2|t=4dx−12∫Br(u−h)2|t=−4⏟≡0dx⩾0. |
We remark that the condition (1.3) implies the monotonicity condition:
(a(ξ)−a(η))⋅(ξ−η)⩾c(p,ν)(|ξ|2+|η|2)p−22|ξ−η|2 |
for every ξ,η∈Rn∖{0}. Then we see
(|Du|2+|Dh|2)p−22|Du−Dh|2⩽c(a(Du)−a(Dh))⋅(Du−Dh). |
Therefore, by the above estimates, Young's inequality and the second inequality in (2.5), we have that for any κ1∈(0,1),
−∫Q2(|Du|2+|Dh|2)p−22|Du−Dh|2dz⩽cκ1−∫Q2|Du−Dh|pdz+cκ−1p−11−∫Q2|F|pdz⩽cκ1−∫Q2|Du−Dh|pdz+cκ−1p−11δp. |
If p⩾2, since |Du−Dh|p⩽(|Du|2+|Dh|2)p−22|Du−Dh|2, by taking sufficiently small κ1=κ1(n,ν,L,p)>0 we have
−∫Q2|Du−Dh|pdz⩽cδp. |
The second inequality in (2.6) follows from the first inequality in (2.5) together with δ⩽1. Moreover, by choosing small δ depending on ε, we get (2.7).
If 2nn+2<p<2, on the other hand, applying Young's inequality, we have that for any κ2∈(0,1),
−∫Q2|Du−Dh|pdz=−∫Q2(|Du|2+|Dh|2)p(2−p)4(|Du|2+|Dh|2)p(p−2)4|Du−Dh|pdz⩽cκ2−∫Q2(|Du|2+|Dh|2)p2dz+cκ−2−pp2−∫Q2(|Du|2+|Dh|2)p−22|Du−Dh|2dz⩽cκ2−∫Q2[|Du|p+|Dh|p]dz+cκ−2−pp2κ1−∫Q2|Du−Dh|pdz+cκ−2−pp2κ−1p−11δp. |
Hence by choosing κ1 sufficiently small depending on κ2 we have
−∫Q2|Du−Dh|pdz⩽cκ2(−∫Q2|Dh|pdz+−∫Q2|Du|pdz)+c(κ2)δp. | (2.8) |
We first note that
−∫Q2|Dh|pdz⩽cκ2−∫Q2|Dh|pdz+c−∫Q2|Du|pdz++c(κ2)δp. |
Then by choosing κ2 sufficiently small and using the first inequality in (2.5) and δ⩽1 we have the second inequality in (2.6). Finally, applying the second inequalities of (2.5) and (2.6) to (2.8), we have
−∫Q2|Du−Dh|pdz⩽cκ2+c(κ2)δp. |
Finally, choosing κ2 and δ sufficiently small depending on ε we get (2.7).
Now we start with the proof of the main theorem, Theorem 1.1. As we mentioned in the introduction, we follow the approach introduced in [2], see also [13] for the case of the weighted Lebesgue space. We divide the proof into five steps.
Step 1. (Setting and stopping time argument)
Let δ∈(0,1), which will be determined as a small constant depending only on n, ν, L, p, q and [w]q in below (3.17). Then there exists R0>0 satisfying that
∫QR0(z0)∩ΩT[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz⩽2|B1|5n+2for all z0∈ΩT. | (3.1) |
We fix any Q2r=Q2r(z0)⋐ΩT with 2r<R0. For simplicity, we write Qρ=Qρ(z0), ρ∈(0,2r]. In addition, for ρ>0 and λ>0, we define the super level set
E(ρ,λ):={z∈Qρ:|Du(z)|>λ}, |
and
λpd0:=−∫Q2r[|Du|p+|Fδ|p+1]dz⩾1, | (3.2) |
where d⩾1 is from (1.8).
Let r⩽r1<r2⩽2r and consider any λ satisfying the following:
λ⩾Bλ0with B:=(20rr2−r1)d(n+2)p. | (3.3) |
We notice that Qλρ(˜z)⊂Qr2⊂Q2r for any ˜z=(˜x,˜t)∈E(r1,λ) and all ρ<ρ0 where
ρ0:={λp−22(r2−r1) if 2nn+2<p<2,r2−r1 if p⩾2. |
Then we obtain the following Vitali type covering result for the super-level set E(r1,λ).
Lemma 3.1. For each r⩽r1<r2⩽2r and λ⩾Bλ0, there exist zi∈E(r1,λ) and ρi∈(0,ρ010), i=1,2,3,⋯, such that the intrinsic parabolic cylinders Qλρi(zi) are mutually disjoint,
E(r1,λ)∖N ⊂ ∞⋃i=1Qλ5ρi(zi) |
for some Lebesgue measure zero set N,
−∫Qλρi(zi)[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz=λp | (3.4) |
and
−∫Qλρ(zi)[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz<λp for allρ∈(ρi,r2−r1]. | (3.5) |
Proof. For ˜z∈E(r1,λ) and ρ∈[ρ010,ρ0), by (3.2) and (3.3), we derive
−∫Qλρ(˜z)[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz⩽|Q2r||Qλρ(˜z)|−∫Q2r[|Du|p+|Fδ|p+1]dz=|Q2r|λpd0|Qλρ(˜z)|⩽λp. |
To attain the last bound, we consider two cases p<2 and p⩾2. When p⩾2, we see pd=2 and so
|Q2r|λpd0|Qλρ(˜z)|=(2r)n+2λ20λ2−pρn+2⩽(20rr2−r1)n+2λp−2λ20⩽(20rr2−r1)n+2λp(Bλ0)−2λ20=λp. |
When p<2, we see pd=(p−2)(n+2)2+2 and ρ⩾λp−22(r2−r1)10 and so
|Q2r|λpd0|Qλρ(˜z)|=(2r)n+2λpd0λ2−pρn+2⩽(20rλp−22(r2−r1))n+2λp−2λpd0=(20rr2−r1)n+2(λ0λ)pdλp⩽(20rr2−r1)n+2(λ0Bλ0)pdλp=λp. |
Moreover, from the parabolic Lebesgue differentiation theorem, we deduce that, for almost every ˜z∈E(r1,λ),
limρ→0+−∫Qλρ(˜z)[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz⩾|Dw(˜z)|p>λp. |
Since the map ρ↦−∫Qλρ(˜z)[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz is continuous, there exists ρ˜z∈(0,r2−r110) such that
−∫Qλρ˜z(˜z)[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz=λp |
and
−∫Qλρ(˜z)[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz<λpfor all ρ∈(ρ˜z,r2−r1]. |
Hence we apply Vitali's covering lemma for {Qλρ˜z(˜z):˜z∈E(r1,λ)} to complete the proof.
From now on, let us set for i=1,2,3,…,
Q(0)i:=Qλρi(zi)andQ(j)i:=Qλ5jρi(zi), j=1,2. |
Step 2. (Estimates of super-level sets)
With the result in Lemma 3.1, we first estimates the Lebesgue measure of super-level set
|{z∈Q(1)i:|Du(z)|>Aλ}|with λ⩾Bλ0, |
where A⩾1 will be determined below in (3.9), by using estimates in Lemma 2.1. Note from (3.5) that
−∫Q(2)i[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz<λp. | (3.6) |
We consider the following rescaled functions:
aλ(ξ):=a(λξ)λp−1for ξ∈Rn, |
uλ,i(z):=u(Zi)5ρiλandFλ,i(z):=F(Zi)λfor Zi=zi+(5ρix,λ2−p(5ρi)2t) |
with z=(x,t)∈Q2. Then it is obvious that aλ(ξ) satisfies (1.2) and (1.3) with ΩT=Q2(0)=Q2. Then we see that uλ,i is a weak solution to
(uλ,i)t−divaλ(Duλ,i)=−div(|Fλ,i|p−2Fλ,i) in Q2. |
Moreover we have from (3.6) that
−∫Q2[|Duλ,i|p+|Fλ,iδ|p]dz=1λp−∫Q(2)i[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz<1, |
which implies
−∫Q2|Duλ,i|pdz⩽1and−∫Q2|Fλ,i|pdz⩽δp. | (3.7) |
In addition, let ˜hλ,i be a weak solution to
(˜hλ,i)t−divaλ(D˜hλ,i)=0 in Q2,and˜hλ,i=uλ,i on ∂pQ2. |
Now, we consider sufficiently small constant ε>0 which will be determined below in (3.17). Then by applying Lemma 2.1, one can find δ=δ(n,ν,L,p,ε)>0 satisfying (3.7) such that
−∫Q1|Duλ,i−D˜hλ,i|pdz⩽εand‖D˜hλ,i‖L∞(Q1)⩽cLip. |
Remark that both δ and cLip are independent of λ and i. Therefore setting
hλ,i(z)=hλ,i(x,t):=5ρiλ˜hλ,i(x−yi5ρi,t−τiλ2−p(5ρi)2) |
where zi=(yi,τi), we obtain
−∫Q(1)i|Du−Dhλ,i|pdz⩽ελp,and‖Dhλ,i‖L∞(Q(1)i)⩽cLipλ. | (3.8) |
We set
A:=2cLip>1. | (3.9) |
Then since
{z∈Q(1)i:|Du(z)|>Aλ}⊂{z∈Q(1)i:|Du(z)−Dhλ,i(z)|>Aλ2}∪{z∈Q(1)i:|Dhλ,i(z)|>Aλ2}, |
we have from the estimates in (3.8) that
|{z∈Q(1)i:|Du(z)|>Aλ}|⩽|{z∈Q(1)i:|Du(z)−Dhλ,i(z)|>cLipλ}|+|{z∈Q(1)i:|Dhλ,i(z)|>cLipλ}|⏟=0⩽1λp∫Q(1)i|Du−Dhλ,i|pdz⩽ε|Q(1)i| |
which implies
|{z∈Q(1)i:|Du(z)|>Aλ}||Q(1)i|⩽ε. | (3.10) |
Step 3. (weighted estimates of supper-level sets)
In this step, we estimate the weighted measure of super-level set
w(E(r1,Aλ))with λ⩾Bλ0. |
We first observe from (3.1) and (3.4) that
λp⩽1|Q(0)i|∫Q2r[|Du|p+|Fδ|p]dz⩽2|B1|5−n−22|B1|ρn+2iλ2−p, |
hence
λ⩽(5ρi)−n+22. |
This and the fact λ⩾1 from (3.3) imply Q(1)i∈Cp for every i=1,2,3,…. Then we obtain from (2.3) and (3.10) that
w({z∈Q(1)i:|Du(z)|>Aλ})w(|Q(1)i|)⩽c2εγ1. | (3.11) |
By Proposition 2.1, w is a p-intrinsic Aq′ for some q′∈(1,q). Now we suppose that
∫Q2r|Du|pq′wdz<∞. | (3.12) |
Then by (3.4) and (2.2) with q replaced by q′ we have
λpq′⩽2q′−1(−∫Q(0)i|Du|pdz)q′+2q′−1(−∫Q(0)i|Fδ|pdz)q′⩽2q′−1[w]q′w(Q(0)i)(∫Q(0)i|Du|pq′wdz+∫Q(0)i|Fδ|pq′wdz)⩽2q′−1[w]q′w(Q(0)i)(∫Q(0)i∩{|Du|>λc0}|Du|pq′wdz+∫Q(0)i∩{|F|δ>λc0}|Fδ|pq′wdz+2c−pq′0λpq′w(Q(0)i)), |
where c0:=(2q′+1[w]q′)1pq′. Note that the right hand side is finite by the assumptions F∈Lpqw,loc(ΩT) and (3.12). The above estimate means
w(Q(0)i)⩽2q′[w]q′λpq′(∫Q(0)i∩{|Du|>λc0}|Du|pq′wdz+∫Q(0)i∩{|F|δ>λc0}|Fδ|pq′wdz). | (3.13) |
Therefore, using Lemma 3.1, (3.11), (2.3) and (3.13), we obtain
w(E(r1,Aλ))=w({z∈Qr1:|Du(z)|>Aλ})⩽∞∑i=1w({z∈Q(1)i:|Du(z)|>Aλ})⩽cεγ1∞∑i=1w(Q(1)i)⩽cεγ1∞∑i=1(|Q(1)i||Q(0)i|)qw(Q(0)i)⩽cεγ1λpq′∞∑i=1(∫Q(0)i∩{|Du|>λc0}|Du|pq′wdz+∫Q(0)i∩{|F|δ>λc0}|Fδ|pq′wdz)⩽cεγ1λpq′(∫Qr2∩{|Du|>λc0}|Du|pq′wdz+∫Qr2∩{|F|δ>λc0}|Fδ|pq′wdz). | (3.14) |
Step 4. (A priori estimates)
We prove the estimate (1.7) under the additional assumption
∫Q2r|Du|pqwdz<∞, | (3.15) |
where 2r<R0 and R0 satisfies (3.1). Note that (3.15) implies (3.12).
Fix any r⩽r1<r2⩽2r. Observe that
∫Qr1|Du|pqwdz=pqApq∫∞0w(E(r1,Aλ))λpq−1dλ=pqApq∫Bλ00w(E(r1,Aλ))λpq−1dλ+pqApq∫∞Bλ0w(E(r1,Aλ))λpq−1dλ⏟=:I=(ABλ0)pqw(Q2r)+pqApqI, | (3.16) |
where A and B are from (3.9) and (3.3). We estimate the second term I. Applying (3.14), we derive
I⩽cεγ1∫∞Bλ0(∫Qr2∩{|Du|>λc0}|Du|pq′wdz+∫Qr2∩{|F|δ>λc0}|Fδ|pq′wdz)λpq−pq′−1dλ⩽cεγ1∫∞0(∫Qr2∩{|Du|>λc0}(c0|Du|)pq′wdz+∫Qr2∩{|F|δ>λc0}|c0Fδ|pq′wdz)λpq−pq′−1dλ⩽cεγ1(∫Qr2|Du|pqwdz+∫Qr2|Fδ|pqwdz). |
In the last inequality we apply the following elementary identity with g=c0|Du| or c0|F|δ, β2=pq, β1=pq′ and U=Qr2:
∫Ugβ2wdz=(β2−β1)∫∞0λβ2−β1−1∫{z∈U:g(z)>λ}gβ1wdzdλ,β2>β1>1. |
Inserting the estimate for I into (3.16) and recalling the definitions of A and B and the fact that ε∈(0,1), we have
∫Qr1|Du|pqwdz⩽c∗εγ1∫Qr2|Du|pqwdz+cw(Q2r)λpq0rd(n+2)q(r2−r1)d(n+2)q+c∫Q2r|Fδ|pqwdz, |
where the constants c∗, γ1 and c depend on n,p,ν,L,q and [w]q. At this stage, we choose ε=ε(n,p,ν,L,q,[w]q) such that
c∗εγ1⩽12, | (3.17) |
hence δ is also determined as a small constant depending on n,p,ν,L,q and [w]q. Therefore we obtain
∫Qr1|Du|pqwdz⩽12∫Qr2|Du|pqwdz+cλpq0w(Q2r)rd(n+2)q(r2−r1)d(n+2)q+c∫Q2r|F|pqwdz |
for every r⩽r1<r2⩽2r. Finally, applying Lemma 3.2 below with Ψ(ρ)=∫Qρ|Du|pqwdz with R1=r and R2=2r and recalling (3.2), we have that
∫Qr|Du|pqwdz⩽cw(Q2r)λpq0+c∫Q2r|F|pqwdz⩽cw(Q2r)(−∫Q2r[|Du|p+|F|p+1]dz)dq+c∫Q2r|F|pqwdz. |
This together with (2.3) implies (1.7).
Lemma 3.2 (Lemma 6.1 in [22]). Let Ψ:[R1,R2]→[0,∞) be a bounded function. Suppose that for any r1 and r2 with 0<R1⩽r1<r2⩽R2,
Ψ(r1)⩽ϑΨ(r2)+C(r2−r1)κ+D |
where C>0 and D⩾0, κ>0 and ϑ∈[0,1). Then there exists c=(ϑ,κ)>0 such that
Ψ(R1)⩽c(ϑ,κ)[A(R2−R1)κ+B]. |
Step 5. (Approximation)
Finally, we remove the a priori assumption (3.15) by a standard approximation argument. Suppose w is a p-intrinsic Aq weight and F∈Lpqw,loc(ΩT,Rn). Fix any Q2r=Q2r(z0)⋐ΩT with 2r<R0. Then there exists QR=QR(z0) such that Q2r⋐QR⋐ΩT. Note that by Proposition 2.1 (4), w is a p-intrinsic Apq weight hence a usual parabolic Apq weight. Therefore, C∞c(Rn+1) is dense in Lpqw(Rn+1), see e.g., [30, Lemma 2.1]. Therefore there exist Fk∈C∞c(Rn+1,Rn), k=1,2,3,…, such that
Fk⟶Fin Lpqw(QR,Rn) as k→∞, |
hence by (2.2),
Fk⟶Fin Lp(QR,Rn) as k→∞. | (3.18) |
We further assume that
∫QR|Fk|pdz⩽2∫QR|F|pdz. | (3.19) |
Let uk∈C0(t0−R2,t0+R2;L2(BR(x0))∩Lp(t0−R2,t0+R2;W1,p(BR(x0)) be the unique weak solution to
{(uk)t−diva(Duk)=div(|Fk|p−2Fk) inQR,uk=u on∂pQR, | (3.20) |
see e.g., [34, Section III.4] for the existence of such uk. In view of [2], we have at least |Duk|p∈Lγloc(QR) for every γ>1 since |Fk|p∈Lγ(QR). In particular, by Hölder's inequality with Proposition 2.1 (2),
∫Q2r|Duk|pqwdz⩽(∫Q2r|Duk|pq(1+γ)γdz)γ1+γ(∫Q2rw1+γdz)11+γ<∞, |
which implies the a priori assumption in (3.15) for uk hence it follows from the previous results in Step 4 that
(1w(Qr)∫Qr|Duk|pqwdz)1q⩽c(−∫Q2r[|Duk|p+|Fk|p+1]dz)d+c(1w(Q2r)∫Q2r|Fk|pqwdz)1q. | (3.21) |
Now we take u−uk as a test function in the weak forms of (1.1) and (3.20) to get
∫QR(u−uk)t(u−uk)dz+∫QR(a(Du)−a(Duk))⋅(Du−Duk)dz=∫QR(|F|p−2F−|Fk|p−2Fk)⋅(Du−Duk)dz. |
Then, in a similar way as in the proof of Lemma 2.1, we derive
∫QR(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p−22|Duk−Du|2dz⩽c∫QR||Fk|p−2Fk−|F|p−2F||Duk−Du|dz⩽cτ−1p−11∫QR||Fk|p−2Fk−|F|p−2F|pp−1dz+τ1∫QR|Duk|p+|Du|pdz | (3.22) |
for any τ1∈(0,1), by applying Young's inequality.
If p⩾2, since |Duk−Du|p⩽(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p−22|Duk−Du|2, we infer
∫QR|Duk|pdz⩽c∫QR|F|p+|Du|pdz |
by taking sufficiently small τ1>0 and (3.19). If 2nn+2<p<2, applying Young's inequality, we have that for any τ2∈(0,1),
∫QR|Duk−Du|pdz⩽τ2∫QR(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p2dz+cτ−2−pp2∫QR(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p−22|Duk−Du|2dz⩽c(τ2+τ1τ−2−pp2)∫QR[|Duk|p+|Du|p]dz+cτ−1p−11τ−2−pp2∫QR||Fk|p−2Fk−|F|p−2F|pp−1dz |
and then by taking sufficiently small τ1,τ2>0 and (3.19),
∫QR|Duk|pdz⩽c∫QR|F|p+|Du|pdz. |
Eventually, for any p>2nn+2, we obtain that
∫QR|Duk|pdz⩽c∫QR|F|p+|Du|pdz<∞for all k=1,2,3,…. | (3.23) |
Moreover, from (3.18) we see
∫QR||Fk|p−2Fk−|F|p−2F|pp−1dz→0 as k→∞. |
Then taking into account (3.22) with (3.23),
lim supk→∞∫QR(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p−22|Duk−Du|2dz⩽cτ1∫QR|F|p+|Du|pdz. |
Since τ1∈(0,1) is arbitrary, we have that
∫QR(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p−22|Duk−Du|2dz→0 as k→∞. |
Now, if 2nn+2<p<2, the Hölder inequality yields
∫QR|Duk−Du|pdz=∫QR(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p(2−p)4(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p(p−2)4|Duk−Du|pdz⩽(∫QR(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p2dz)2−p2(∫QR(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p−22|Duk−Du|2dz)p2 |
and therefore by virtue of (3.23), we obtain
∫QR|Duk−Du|pdz→0 as k→∞. |
This also holds in case p⩾2 from (3.22), because
∫QR|Duk−Du|pdz⩽∫QR(|Duk|2+|Du|2)p−22|Duk−Du|2dz. |
In turn, we obtain that for every p>2nn+2
Duk⟶Duin Lp(QR,Rn)⊂Lp(Q2r,Rn) as k→∞. |
In particular, we also have that Duk⟶Du a.e. in Lp(Q2r,Rn) as k→∞, up to subsequence.
Finally by passing k→∞ from (3.21) and applying the above convergence results for Fk and Duk with Fatou's lemma, we obtain
(1w(Qr)∫Qr|Du|pqwdz)1q⩽lim infk→∞(1w(Qr)∫Qr|Duk|pqwdz)1q⩽lim infk→∞[c(−∫Q2r[|Duk|p+|Fk|p+1]dz)d+c(1w(Q2r)∫Q2r|Fk|pqwdz)1q]=c(−∫Q2r[|Du|p+|F|p+1]dz)d+c(1w(Q2r)∫Q2r|F|pqwdz)1q. |
Therefore, we complete the proof.
We would like to thank the referees for many helpful comments. M. Lee was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea by the Korean Government (NRF-2021R1A4A1032418). J. Ok was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea by the Korean Government (NRF-2022R1C1C1004523).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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