The impact of different compression ratios on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a biodiesel engine

Hussein A. Mahmood; Ali O. Al-Sulttani; Hayder A. Alrazen; Osam H. Attia; Hussein A. Mahmood; Ali O. Al-Sulttani; Hayder A. Alrazen; Osam H. Attia

doi:10.3934/energy.2024043

AIMS Energy

2024, Volume 12, Issue 5: 924-945. doi: 10.3934/energy.2024043

Previous Article Next Article

Research article

The impact of different compression ratios on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a biodiesel engine

1.
Department of Reconstruction and Projects, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
2.
Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
3.
School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia

Received: 29 March 2024 Revised: 15 July 2024 Accepted: 05 August 2024 Published: 12 August 2024

The current work investigated the combustion efficiency of biodiesel engines under diverse ratios of compression (15.5, 16.5, 17.5, and 18.5) and different biodiesel fuels produced from apricot oil, papaya oil, sunflower oil, and tomato seed oil. The combustion process of the biodiesel fuel inside the engine was simulated utilizing ANSYS Fluent v16 (CFD). On AV1 diesel engines (Kirloskar), numerical simulations were conducted at 1500 rpm. The outcomes of the simulation demonstrated that increasing the compression ratio (CR) led to increased peak temperature and pressures in the combustion chamber, as well as elevated levels of CO₂ and NO mass fractions and decreased CO emission values under the same biodiesel fuel type. Additionally, the findings revealed that the highest cylinder temperature was 1007.32 K and the highest cylinder pressure was 7.3 MPa, achieved by biodiesel derived from apricot oil at an 18.5% compression ratio. Meanwhile, the highest NO and CO₂ mass fraction values were 0.000257524 and 0.040167679, respectively, obtained from biodiesel derived from papaya oil at an 18.5% compression ratio. This study explained that the apricot oil biodiesel engine had the highest combustion efficiency with high emissions at a compression ratio of 18:5. On the other hand, tomato seed oil biodiesel engines had low combustion performance and low emissions of NO and CO₂ at a compression ratio of 15:5. The current study concluded that apricot oil biodiesel may be a suitable alternative to diesel fuel operated at a CR of 18:1.

Keywords:

Citation: Hussein A. Mahmood, Ali O. Al-Sulttani, Hayder A. Alrazen, Osam H. Attia. The impact of different compression ratios on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a biodiesel engine[J]. AIMS Energy, 2024, 12(5): 924-945. doi: 10.3934/energy.2024043

Related Papers:

[1]	Sunbong Lee, Shaku Tei, Kunio Yoshikawa . Properties of chicken manure pyrolysis bio-oil blended with diesel and its combustion characteristics in RCEM, Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine. AIMS Energy, 2014, 2(3): 210-218. doi: 10.3934/energy.2014.3.210
[2]	Quoc Dang Tran, Thanh Nhu Nguyen, Vinh Nguyen Duy . Effect of piston geometry design and spark plug position on the engine performance and emission characteristics. AIMS Energy, 2023, 11(1): 156-170. doi: 10.3934/energy.2023009
[3]	Simona Silvia Merola, Luca Marchitto, Cinzia Tornatore, Gerardo Valentino . Spray-combustion process characterization in a common rail diesel engine fuelled with butanol-diesel blends by conventional methods and optical diagnostics. AIMS Energy, 2014, 2(2): 116-132. doi: 10.3934/energy.2014.2.116
[4]	Ee Sann Tan, Kumaran Palanisamy, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, Kunio Yoshikawa . Performance and emission study on waste cooking oil biodiesel and distillate blends for microturbine application. AIMS Energy, 2015, 3(4): 798-809. doi: 10.3934/energy.2015.4.798
[5]	Husam Al-Mashhadani, Sandun Fernando . Properties, performance, and applications of biofuel blends: a review. AIMS Energy, 2017, 5(4): 735-767. doi: 10.3934/energy.2017.4.735
[6]	Shemelis Nigatu Gebremariam, Jorge Mario Marchetti . Biodiesel production technologies: review. AIMS Energy, 2017, 5(3): 425-457. doi: 10.3934/energy.2017.3.425
[7]	Lihao Chen, Hu Wu, Kunio Yoshikawa . Research on upgrading of pyrolysis oil from Japanese cedar by blending with biodiesel. AIMS Energy, 2015, 3(4): 869-883. doi: 10.3934/energy.2015.4.869
[8]	Maria del Pilar Rodriguez, Ryszard Brzezinski, Nathalie Faucheux, Michèle Heitz . Enzymatic transesterification of lipids from microalgae into biodiesel: a review. AIMS Energy, 2016, 4(6): 817-855. doi: 10.3934/energy.2016.6.817
[9]	Tien Duy Nguyen, Trung Tran Anh, Vinh Tran Quang, Huy Bui Nhat, Vinh Nguyen Duy . An experimental evaluation of engine performance and emissions characteristics of a modified direct injection diesel engine operated in RCCI mode. AIMS Energy, 2020, 8(6): 1069-1087. doi: 10.3934/energy.2020.6.1069
[10]	Thang Nguyen Minh, Hieu Pham Minh, Vinh Nguyen Duy . A review of internal combustion engines powered by renewable energy based on ethanol fuel and HCCI technology. AIMS Energy, 2022, 10(5): 1005-1025. doi: 10.3934/energy.2022046

Abstract

Nomenclature: B: Blend; C: Celsius; CA: Crank angle; CFD: Computational fluid dynamics; CO₂: Carbon dioxide; CO: Carbon monoxide; CR: Compression ratio; e: Rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy; HC: Hydrocarbon emissions; K: Kelvin; k: turbulent kinetic energy; NO: Nitric oxide; NOx: Emissions of nitrogen oxides; P: Pressure; Pa: Pascal; PISO: Pressure-velocity calculation procedure for the Navier-Stokes equations; PM: Particulate matter; RANS: Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes; RNG: Renormalization group; TAB breakup: Taylor analogy breakup; T: Temperature

1. Introduction

Energy is an essential factor in the persistence of human life on Earth. Countries' energy consumption influences aspects such as expanding populations, resources for energy, environmental circumstances, political changes, growth rate, and implemented economic strategies ^[1]. Energy is employed in numerous fields, such as manufacturing, the production of food, the agricultural sector, and transportation. Rising consumption of energy and environmental problems, especially the effect of global warming, need the adoption of substitutes for fossil fuels ^[2]. Diesel engines are extensively implemented in many different applications, including manufacturing, agriculture, construction, and transportation, due to their enhanced fuel economy, robustness, dependability, and distinct power production ^[3]. Nonetheless, diesel engines are well-recognized to be the primary sources of emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) ^[4]. Because of decreased oil reserves, growing environmental consciousness, and tight emission restrictions, scientists are looking for clean, alternative, renewable energy sources to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines and reduce emissions ^[5].

Biodiesel is regarded as one of the best substitutes for diesel fuel because of its renewable nature, low emissions, excellent combustion efficiency, biodegradability, and enhanced lubrication ^[6]. Biodiesel may be produced from natural resources such as fats from animals and plants. Biodiesel is an ecologically friendly fuel that is non-toxic and biodegradable in the natural environment ^[7]. On the other side, biodiesel fuel has cleaner combustion, a higher flash point, improved engine performance, and no sulfur concentration compared to diesel fuel ^[8,9]. Studies on biodiesel fuels have recently increased, and scientists think that biodiesel produced from a range of materials could be employed as a suitable alternative for traditional diesel fuel ^[10]. The utilization of biodiesel at various rates of diesel fuel in diesel engines involves different impacts on engine efficiency and emission levels based on the conditions of operation, engine structure, and biodiesel fuel properties ^[11]. Overall, biodiesel fuels have a lower thermal value than diesel fuel, although biodiesel fuels have a higher density. Several studies indicate that utilizing biodiesel derived from different feedstocks can improve emission attributes while reducing performance slightly ^[12].

Numerous investigations have been accomplished to enhance diesel engine efficiency and eliminate emissions in a variety of ways, such as employing biodiesel as a substitute to diesel fuel, mixing diesel fuel with various ratios of biodiesel, changing engine compression percentages, improving the chamber of the engine's combustion, and adding nano components ^[13]. The compression ratio is one of the most important factors for an engine. The compression ratio of a diesel engine has an important effect on its efficiency and overall performance, and it plays a crucial role in determining its efficiency, power output, fuel economy, emissions, and overall performance ^[14]. Various studies have been carried out to examine the impact of compression percentages on blends of biodiesel and diesel. Renish et al. ^[14] checked the impact of a diesel engine under various compression proportions operating with a sea mango biodiesel-diesel blend (B20). According to the results, at CR 18:1, the levels of smoke, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide emissions under B20 were 26.78%, 23.44%, and 37.76%, respectively, which is lesser than those of diesel. Nonetheless, the results discovered that the blend (B20) emitted more NO at every compression ratio. In addition, the effects of combustion gas recirculation rates and compression proportions of 18:1, 20:1, and 22:1 on diesel engines that were powered by a B20 blend consisting of mango seed methyl ester and diesel were investigated by Ahamed et al. ^[15]. The results explained that at a compression proportion of 22:1, the thermal efficiency of the brakes increased by 7.4%, while emission levels of hydrocarbons, smoke, and carbon monoxide decreased by 40%, 7.1%, and 33.3%, correspondingly. In addition, the NOx emissions climbed considerably. Datta et al. ^[16] studied the influence of employing a mixture consisting of biodiesel derived from palm oil with diesel as fuel under various compression proportions on efficiency of combustion and pollutants of the diesel engine. The results showed that a decline in compression proportion raises emissions ratios of smoke, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide but reduces emissions ratios of NOx and CO₂. Furthermore, the influence of different compression ratios inside the diesel engine that used a mixture consisting of 80% diesel fuel and 20% biodiesel made from palm oil was studied by Rosha et al. ^[17]. The outcomes demonstrated that increasing the engine compression ratio from 16:1 to 18:1 raised the maximum pressure inside the cylinder and the efficiency of the brake thermal, while lowering the duration of ignition delay. Moreover, as the engine's compression proportion raised from 16:1 to 18:1, emissions levels of smoke, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide decreased, but emissions ratios of nitrogen oxides raised. Sivaramakrishnan et al. ^[18] examined the properties of a diesel engine operated with mixtures of biodiesel created from karanja oil and diesel fuel under various compression ratios. The outcome showed that CO and HC emissions dropped as the blend ratio increased. Dugala et al. ^[19] studied the characteristics of a dual biodiesel blend of mahua and jatropha in equal proportions with diesel under various compression percentages. The results demonstrated that the highest temperature and pressure of the mixture inside the combustion chamber were 11.1–69.8 C and 0.15–0.36 bar, respectively. Moreover, the results stated that emission levels of HC and CO were decreased by 33–62%. Mahmood et al. ^[20] examined the impact of altering the compression proportion on the efficiency and emission properties of a diesel engine fueled by a blend of biodiesel derived from corn oil and standard diesel fuel. The results indicated that when the compression percentage and ratio of the biodiesel mixture increased, emission levels of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and smoke opacity dropped. However, the emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides raised.

Various investigations have been conducted to improve the economy of fuel and reduce pollution during the transformation of a diesel engine to run on a biodiesel-diesel blend. Several studies have looked at the influence of compression proportions on a biodiesel-diesel blend, but only a few studies have focused on pure biodiesel types derived from apricot oil, papaya oil, sunflower oil, and tomato seed oil. As a result, essential research on the optimization of the compression ratio, combustion characteristics, and pollution for a diesel engine operating with biodiesel derived from apricot oil, papaya oil, sunflower oil, and tomato seed oil is still limited. In general, the engine's efficiency and emissions depend on the temperature and pressure inside the engine, which are directly related to the air-fuel ratio, compression ratio, injection time, ignition time, and the carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen content in the fuel. The carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen content of each type of biodiesel differs from the others depending on the source from which it is derived. The goal of the current study is to investigate numerically the influence of varying compression percentages (15.5, 16.5, 17.5, and 18.5) on the emissions percentages and the characteristics of combustion in a diesel engine with one cylinder using various types of biodiesel fuels derived from oil (apricot, papaya, sunflower, and tomato seed) as a replacement for diesel fuel. The combustion chamber model was numerically examined employing the FLUENT program.

2. Computational modeling

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was conducted on diesel engines employing different biodiesel fuels to analyze combustion properties at varying compression ratios. The ANSYS Workbench 2016 program was utilized for creating the geometry of the combustion chamber and grid generation ^[21]. This investigation involved a running diesel engine with a single-cylinder, a hemispherical bowl-shaped piston, a direct injection, and a four-stroke cycle using biodiesel fuel at 1500 rpm. Apricot oil, papaya oil, sunflower oil, and tomato seed oil were used to produce biodiesel fuels. Tables 1 and 2 present the specifications of the diesel engine and the characteristics of the biodiesel fuel. The FLUENT program version 16 was employed to model the combustion within an engine by addressing the governing equations linked to combustion and analyzing the outcomes. The Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes equations (RANS) are the fundamental equations of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In addition, the three dimensions pressure-based implicit unsteady solver was employed to resolve the primary governing equations, which included momentum, mass, energy, and species. ANSYS FLUENT relies on the pressure adjustment methodology and implements the PISO approach. At the same time, the influence of turbulence on the flow was simulated using the RNG k-e model ^[22]. During the fuel spraying process, both the collision and TAB breakup models were employed ^[23]. To resolve the equation of species, discrete phase injection was coupled with finite rate/eddy dissipation chemical reactions and the equation of species transport ^[24]. As seen in Figure 2, just a 30° sector of the combustion chamber's geometry was determined in order to minimize the computation required. The in-cylinder geometry was created using the ANSYS tool design modeler, which started with a closed intake valve and ended with an open exhaust valve. The exhaust port, the intake port, the exhaust valve, and the intake valve were all disregarded. In addition, the complete modeling procedures, including the stroke of compression, injection of fuel, procedures of combustion, and stroke power, were simulated. The simulation process began at a 320-degree crank angle (CA) and concluded at a 400-degree CA, including both compression and combustion phases. The utilized boundary conditions were as follows: the beginning pressure was 1.57 bar, and the starting temperature was 600 K. Furthermore, the Harden burg auto-ignition model was employed to calculate the complicated chemical kinetics ^[25,26]. The amount of fuel injected into the engine was 0.000614727 kg/s, 0.000610534 kg/s, 0.000616971 kg/s, and 0.000618828 kg/s for sunflower oil, tomato seed oil, papaya oil, and apricot oil, respectively. ANSYS Workbench software was used for modeling biodiesel combustion. The biodiesel reaction included global sequences of reactions defined by the following equations ^[27].

C_{17} H_{33} O_{2} + 24.25 (O_{2}) \to 17 {C O}_{2} + 16.5 H_{2} O + Heat

$\mathrm{C}_{17} \mathrm{H}_{33} \mathrm{O}_2+24.25\left(\mathrm{O}_2\right) \rightarrow 17 \mathrm{CO}_2+16.5 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\text { Heat }$

(1)

C_{17} H_{31} O_{2} + 23.75 (O_{2}) \to 17 {C O}_{2} + 15.5 H_{2} O + Heat

$\mathrm{C}_{17} \mathrm{H}_{31} \mathrm{O}_2+23.75\left(\mathrm{O}_2\right) \rightarrow 17 \mathrm{CO}_2+15.5 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\text { Heat }$

(2)

C_{18} H_{33} O_{2} + 25.25 (O_{2}) \to 18 {C O}_{2} + 16.5 H_{2} O + Heat

$\mathrm{C}_{18} \mathrm{H}_{33} \mathrm{O}_2+25.25\left(\mathrm{O}_2\right) \rightarrow 18 \mathrm{CO}_2+16.5 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\text { Heat }$

(3)

C_{17} H_{32} O_{2} + 24 (O_{2}) \to 17 {C O}_{2} + 16 H_{2} O + Heat

$\mathrm{C}_{17} \mathrm{H}_{32} \mathrm{O}_2+24\left(\mathrm{O}_2\right) \rightarrow 17 \mathrm{CO}_2+16 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\text { Heat }$

(4)

H_{2} + 0.5 O_{2} \leftrightarrow 2 H_{2} O

$\mathrm{H}_2+0.5 \mathrm{O}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$

(5)

C O + H_{2} O \leftrightarrow {C O}_{2} + H_{2}

$\mathrm{CO}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{CO}_2+\mathrm{H}_2$

(6)

The emissions of NOx were calculated employing the method of an expanded Zeldovich ^[28].

N_{2} + O \leftrightarrow N O + N

$\mathrm{N}_2+\mathrm{O} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{NO}+\mathrm{N}$

(7)

N + O_{2} \leftrightarrow N O + O

$\mathrm{N}+\mathrm{O}_2 \leftrightarrow \mathrm{NO}+\mathrm{O}$

(8)

N + O H \leftrightarrow N O + H

$\mathrm{N}+\mathrm{OH} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{NO}+\mathrm{H}$

(9)

Table 1. Diesel engine details ^[25].

Engine sort	direct injection diesel
Model	AV1 (Kirloskar)
Compression ratio	15.5, 16.5, 17.5, and 18.5
Swept volume (liter)	0.552
Valves number	2
Cylinder count	1
Stroke	110 mm
Bore	80 mm
Combustion chamber shape	bowl
Injector pressure	220 bar

| Show Table

DownLoad: CSV

Table 2. Properties of biodiesel ^[3,29,30].

Biodiesel	Sunflower oil	Tomato seed oil	Papaya oil	Apricot oil
Chemical formula	C₁₇H₃₃O₂	C₁₇H₃₁O₂	C₁₈H₃₃O₂	C₁₇H₃₂O₂
Density (kg/m³)	881.5	883	840	855
Dynamic viscosity (Pa*s)	0.00366	0.004415	0.0029652	0.0036423
Kin. viscosity @ 40 ℃ (cSt)	4.4	5	3.53	4.26
Specific gravity (g/cm³)	0.881	0.883	0.840	0.85
Lower calorific value, MJ/kg	39.91	36.67	38	40
Cetane number	46.7	47.7	48.29	50.45
Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio	12.375	12.46	12.33	12.293
Flash point (c)	162	190	112	105
Cloud point (c)	7.2	12	2	−7
Pour point (c)	−15	−16.1	1	−8
TAN (mg KOH/g)	0.22	0.74	0.42	0.25
Sulfur contents (%)	0.012	0.0172	0.01	0.00015
Sulfated ash (wt%)	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.0299
Oxygen content (wt%)	12.8	11.29	11.27	11.21
Carbon content (wt%)	75.3	75.41	75.9	75.23
Hydrogen content (wt%)	11.5	11.57	11.72	11.72

| Show Table

DownLoad: CSV

Figure 1. A depiction of the engine's cylinder geometry as generated by the ANSYS Workbench application.

Cases	Elements	Nodes
Mesh 1	50272	56062
Mesh 2	102236	111486
Mesh 3	253948	253948
Mesh 4	642033	673088

Biodiesel type	CR	Ignition start temperature (K)	Crank angle
Tomato seed oil	15.5	828.2	370.8
	16.5	801	369.5
	17.5	827.6	365.75
	18.5	821.4	368.75
Sunflower oil	15.5	800	368.75
	16.5	825.25	366.25
	17.5	829.16	369.25
	18.5	823.56	367.8
Papaya oil	15.5	798.13	369.75
	16.5	830	365.25
	17.5	832.4	369.25
	18.5	825.5	367.5
Apricot oil	15.5	829.33	369.75
	16.5	827.5	365.75
	17.5	789.47	369.75
	18.5	823.25	368.82

[1]	Mahmood HA, Al-Sulttani AO, Attia OH (2021) Simulation of syngas addition effect on emissions characteristics, combustion, and performance of the diesel engine working under dual fuel mode and lambda value of 1.6. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science: IOP Publishing 779: 012116. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012116 doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012116
[2]	Muruganantham P, Pandiyan P, Sathyamurthy R (2021) Analysis on performance and emission characteristics of corn oil methyl ester blended with diesel and cerium oxide nanoparticle. Case Stud Therm Eng 26: 101077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101077
[3]	Karami R, Hoseinpour M, Rasul M, et al. (2022) Exergy, energy, and emissions analyses of binary and ternary blends of seed waste biodiesel of tomato, papaya, and apricot in a diesel engine. Energy Convers Manage 16: 100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100288 doi: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100288
[4]	Mahmood HA, Al-Sulttani AO, Mousa NA, et al. (2022) Impact of lambda value on combustion characteristics and emissions of syngas-diesel dual-fuel engine. Int J Technol 13: 179–189. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v13i1.5060 doi: 10.14716/ijtech.v13i1.5060
[5]	Mohammed WT, Jabbar MFA (2016) Zirconium sulfate as catalyst for biodiesel production by using reactive distillation. J Eng 22: 68–82. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.01.05 doi: 10.31026/j.eng.2016.01.05
[6]	Mahmood HA, Attia OH, Al-Sulttani AO, et al. (2023) Impacts of varied injection timing on emission levels, combustion efficiency, and performance of biodiesel engines. Math Modell Eng Probl 10: 1873–1883. https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.100541 doi: 10.18280/mmep.100541
[7]	Dixit S, Kumar A, Kumar S, et al. (2020) CFD analysis of biodiesel blends and combustion using Ansys Fluent. Mater Today: Proc 26: 665–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.362 doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.362
[8]	Salman SM, Mohammed MM, Mohammed FL (2016) Production of methyl ester (Biodiesel) from used cooking oils via trans-esterification process. J Eng 22: 74–88. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.05.06 doi: 10.31026/j.eng.2016.05.06
[9]	Hussien M (2019) Biodiesel production from used vegetable oil (sunflower cooking oil) using eggshell as bio catalyst. Iraqi J Chem Pet Eng 20: 21–25. https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2019.4.4 doi: 10.31699/IJCPE.2019.4.4
[10]	Beyene D, Bekele D, Abera B (2024). Biodiesel from blended microalgae and waste cooking oils: Optimization, characterization, and fuel quality studies. AIMS Energy 12: 408–438. https://doi.org/10.3934/energy.2024019 doi: 10.3934/energy.2024019
[11]	Temizer İ, Cihan Ö, Eskici B (2020) Numerical and experimental investigation of the effect of biodiesel/diesel fuel on combustion characteristics in CI engine. Fuel 270: 117523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117523 doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117523
[12]	Talupula NMB, Rao PS, Kumar BSP, et al. (2017) Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines: Overview of current research. SSRG Int J Mech Eng 4: 17–26. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V4I4P105 doi: 10.14445/23488360/IJME-V4I4P105
[13]	Lv J, Wang S, Meng B (2022) The effects of nano-additives added to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends on combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine: A review. Energies 15: 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031032 doi: 10.3390/en15031032
[14]	Renish RR, Selvam AJ, Čep R, et al. (2022) Influence of varying compression ratio of a compression ignition engine fueled with B20 blends of sea mango biodiesel. Processes 10: 1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10071423 doi: 10.3390/pr10071423
[15]	Ahamad Shaik A, Rami Reddy S, Dhana Raju V, et al. (2022) Combined influence of compression ratio and EGR on diverse characteristics of a research diesel engine fueled with waste mango seed biodiesel blend. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Util, Environ Eff, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1811809
[16]	Datta A, Mandal BK (2017) An experimental investigation on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio diesel engine using diesel and palm stearin methyl ester. Clean Technol Environ Policy 19: 1297–1312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1328-3 doi: 10.1007/s10098-016-1328-3
[17]	Rosha P, Mohapatra SK, Mahla SK, et al. (2019) Effect of compression ratio on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine fueled with palm (B20) biodiesel blend. Energy 178: 676–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.185 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.185
[18]	Sivaramakrishnan K (2018) Investigation on performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression multi fuel engine fuelled with Karanja biodiesel-diesel blend. Egypt J Pet 27: 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.03.001 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.03.001
[19]	Dugala NS, Goindi GS, Sharma A (2021) Experimental investigations on the performance and emissions characteristics of dual biodiesel blends on a varying compression ratio diesel engine. SN Appl Sci 3: 622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04618-0 doi: 10.1007/s42452-021-04618-0
[20]	Mahmood AS, Qatta HI, Al-Nuzal SM, et al. (2021) The effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics of CI Engine fuelled with corn oil biodiesel blended with diesel fuel. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science: IOP Publishing 779: 012062. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012062 doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012062
[21]	Ng HK, Gan S, Ng J-H, et al. (2013) Simulation of biodiesel combustion in a light-duty diesel engine using integrated compact biodiesel-diesel reaction mechanism. Appl Energy 102: 1275–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.06.059 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.06.059
[22]	Atgur V, Manavendra G, Desai GP, et al. (2022) CFD combustion simulations and experiments on the blended biodiesel two-phase engine flows. Appl Comput Fluid Dyn Simul Model: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102088
[23]	Rajeesh S, Methre J, Godiganur S (2021) CFD analysis of combustion characteristics of CI engine run on biodiesel under various compression ratios. Mater Today: Proc 47: 5823–5829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.193 doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.193
[24]	Raza A, Mehboob H, Miran S, et al. (2020) Investigation on the characteristics of biodiesel droplets in the engine cylinder. Energies 13: 3637. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143637 doi: 10.3390/en13143637
[25]	Alrazen HA, Aminossadati SM, Mahmood HA, et al. (2023) Theoretical investigation of combustion and emissions of CI engines fueled by various blends of depolymerized low-density polythene and diesel with co-solvent additives. Energy 282: 128754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128754 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.128754
[26]	Belal TM, El Sayed MM, Osman MM (2013) Investigating diesel engine performance and emissions using CFD. Energy Power Eng 5: 171–180. https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2013.52017 doi: 10.4236/epe.2013.52017
[27]	Lois AL, Al-Lal A, Canoira L, et al. (2012). PAH occurrence during combustion of biodiesel from various feedstocks. Chem Eng Trans 29: 1159–1164. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1229194 doi: 10.3303/CET1229194
[28]	Ashkezari AZ, Divsalar K, Malmir R, et al. (2020). Emission and performance analysis of DI diesel engines fueled by biodiesel blends via CFD simulation of spray combustion and different spray breakup models: A numerical study. J Therm Anal Calorim 139: 2527–2539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08922-1 doi: 10.1007/s10973-019-08922-1
[29]	Karami R, Rasul MG, Khan MM (2020) CFD simulation and a pragmatic analysis of performance and emissions of tomato seed biodiesel blends in a 4-cylinder diesel engine. Energies 13: 3688. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143688 doi: 10.3390/en13143688
[30]	Efe Ş, Ceviz MA, Temur H (2018) Comparative engine characteristics of biodiesels from hazelnut, corn, soybean, canola and sunflower oils on DI diesel engine. Renewable Energy 119: 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.011 doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.011
[31]	Jaikumar S, Bhatti SK, Srinivas, V, et al. (2020) Combustion and vibration characteristics of variable compression ratio direct injection diesel engine fuelled with diesel‐biodiesel and alcohol blends. Eng Rep 2: 12195. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12195 doi: 10.1002/eng2.12195

AIMS Energy

The impact of different compression ratios on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a biodiesel engine

Related Papers:

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Computational modeling

2.1. The examination for mesh independence

2.2. Validations of the models

3. Results

3.1. Pressure

3.2. Temperature

3.3. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

3.4. Emission of carbon monoxide (CO)

3.5. Emission of nitric oxide

4. Conclusions

5. Future work

Use of AI tools declaration

Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest

Author contributions

References

Reader Comments

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Metrics

Figures and Tables

Other Articles By Authors

Related pages

Tools

Export File

Citation

Format

Content

Catalog

3.3. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)