Energy performance, safety and durability of charcoal cooking stoves commonly used in West Africa: Benin case study

Evrard Karol Ekouedjen; Latif Adéniyi Fagbemi; Stephen Junior Zannou-Tchoko; Jihane Bakounoure; Evrard Karol Ekouedjen; Latif Adéniyi Fagbemi; Stephen Junior Zannou-Tchoko; Jihane Bakounoure

doi:10.3934/energy.2021005

AIMS Energy

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1: 68-95. doi: 10.3934/energy.2021005

Previous Article Next Article

Research article

Energy performance, safety and durability of charcoal cooking stoves commonly used in West Africa: Benin case study

1.
Unité de Recherche en Valorisation Energétique de la Biomasse, Laboratoire d'Energétique et de Mécanique Appliquée (LEMA) de l'Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Bénin, 01BP2009 Cotonou
2.
Ecole Supérieure des Métiers des Energies Renouvelables (ESMER), Abomey-Calavi, Bénin, 071BP004 Zogbo (BENIN)

Received: 13 August 2020 Accepted: 01 December 2020 Published: 15 December 2020

The use of inefficient cooking stoves puts great pressure on the forests, as well as poorly secured cookers pose health risks to the users. Improving the energy efficiency of cookstoves reduces biomass consumption and thus the anthropogenic pressure on forests. This work aims to identify the best charcoal cooking stove(s) in terms of energy performance, safety and sustainability. The proposed approach combines the combined study of the energy performance, safety and durability of charcoal cooking cookers. A representative sample of five types of charcoal stoves commonly used in Benin is tested according to the requirements of the ISO 19867 standard. These are the square cooking stove, the circular cooking stove, the clay cooking stove, the rim cooking stove and the Nansu cooking stove. The results show two stoves with the best performance: The Nansu stove with a total energy efficiency of 27.44% and an output of 0.9 kW and the clay stove with a total energy efficiency of 25.11% and an output of 0.71 kW. These two stoves are made of clay, while the other three are made of metal. The clay stove offers the best safety with an overall average rating of 71.5 compared to 66.5 for the Nansu stove. The Nansu stove has better durability than the clay stove. This study thus contributes to the preservation of the environment and health through the recommendation of efficient, safe and durable charcoal cookers to be promoted.
- sector cooking stove,
- charcoal,
- energy performance,
- safety,
- durability
Citation: Evrard Karol Ekouedjen, Latif Adéniyi Fagbemi, Stephen Junior Zannou-Tchoko, Jihane Bakounoure. Energy performance, safety and durability of charcoal cooking stoves commonly used in West Africa: Benin case study[J]. AIMS Energy, 2021, 9(1): 68-95. doi: 10.3934/energy.2021005

Related Papers:

Abstract

The use of inefficient cooking stoves puts great pressure on the forests, as well as poorly secured cookers pose health risks to the users. Improving the energy efficiency of cookstoves reduces biomass consumption and thus the anthropogenic pressure on forests. This work aims to identify the best charcoal cooking stove(s) in terms of energy performance, safety and sustainability. The proposed approach combines the combined study of the energy performance, safety and durability of charcoal cooking cookers. A representative sample of five types of charcoal stoves commonly used in Benin is tested according to the requirements of the ISO 19867 standard. These are the square cooking stove, the circular cooking stove, the clay cooking stove, the rim cooking stove and the Nansu cooking stove. The results show two stoves with the best performance: The Nansu stove with a total energy efficiency of 27.44% and an output of 0.9 kW and the clay stove with a total energy efficiency of 25.11% and an output of 0.71 kW. These two stoves are made of clay, while the other three are made of metal. The clay stove offers the best safety with an overall average rating of 71.5 compared to 66.5 for the Nansu stove. The Nansu stove has better durability than the clay stove. This study thus contributes to the preservation of the environment and health through the recommendation of efficient, safe and durable charcoal cookers to be promoted.

References

[1]	International energy agency (2017) WEO-2017 special report: Energy access outlook.
[2]	Jagger P, Das I (2018) Implementation and scale-up of a biomass pellet and improved cookstove enterprise in Rwanda. Energy Sustain Dev 46: 32-41.
[3]	Fagbemi LA, Ekouedjen EK, Doubogan YO, et al. (2020) Measuring household energy poverty in Benin using Boardman's economic approach. Int J Curr Res 12: 10056-10065.
[4]	Zhao N, Li B, Chen D, et al. (2020) The effect of coal size on PM2.5 and PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from a domestic natural cross-draft stove. J Energy Inst 93: 542-551.
[5]	Zhao N, Li B, Chen D, et al. (2020) Direct combustion of waste oil in domestic stove by an internal heat re-circulation atomization technology: Emission and performance analysis. Waste Manag 104: 20-32.
[6]	Zhao N, Li B, Li H, et al. (2020) Field-based measurements of natural gas burning in domestic wall-mounted gas stove and estimates of climate, health and economic benefits in rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Northern China. Atmos Environ 229: 117454.
[7]	Cohen AJ, Brauer M, Burnett R, et al. (2017) Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. Lancet 389: 1907-1918.
[8]	Institut de la francophonie pour un développement durable (2014) La carbonisation efficace en Afrique de l'Ouest. Prisme 9: 8.
[9]	Hello international (2014) Traitement de l'information pour des politiques energétiques favorisant l'ecodéveloppement (TIPEE).
[10]	Anjorin M, Awanto C, Fagbemi L, et al. (2009) Détermination des performances techniques des fourneaux utilisés au Bénin par la technique d'ébullition de l'eau. Congrès Français Therm SFT 1: 26-29.
[11]	Anjorin M, Houngan CA, Awanto C (2014) Étude économique des foyers domestiques par la technique d' ébullition de l'eau: Cas du B énin résumé. Afrique Sci 10: 70-81.
[12]	Segbefia KM, Wala K, Atakpama W, et al. (2018) Comparaison de la performance de deux types de foyers ameliores traditionnels: Foyer a argile du Togo et foyer Malgache. J la Rech Sci l'Universite Lome 20: 13-22.
[13]	International energy agency (2019) Africa energy outlook 2019 Africa energy outlook 2019.
[14]	Akolgo GA, Essandoh EO, Gyamfi S, et al. (2018) The potential of a dual purpose improved cookstove for low income earners in Ghana-Improved cooking methods and biochar production. Renewable Sustain Energy Rev 82: 369-379.
[15]	Adkins E, Tyler E, Wang J, et al. (2010) Energy for sustainable development field testing and survey evaluation of household biomass cookstoves in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Sustain Dev 14: 172-185.
[16]	Guzmán JC, Khatiwada LK, Guzmán DB (2020) Improved cookstoves as a pathway between food preparation and reduced domestic violence in Uganda. World Dev Perspect 18: 100202.
[17]	Tigabu A (2017) Energy for sustainable development factors associated with sustained use of improved solid fuel cookstoves: A case study from Kenya. Energy Sustain Dev 41: 81-87.
[18]	Institut de la Francophonie pour le développement durable (IFDD) (2011) Les foyers améliorés.
[19]	Chica E, Pérez JF (2019) Case studies in thermal engineering development and performance evaluation of an improved biomass cookstove for isolated communities from developing countries. Case Stud Therm Eng 14: 100435.
[20]	Okafor IF (2019) Energy efficient biomass cookstoves: Performance evaluation, quality assurance and certification. Ence J Energy Eng 7: 54-62.
[21]	Otoo ON (2018) Performance evaluation of 'aluminium-cased cookstove' used in Ghana, uing water boiling test protocol. Nor Am Aca Res 1: 1-6.
[22]	Obeng GY, Mensah E, Ashiagbor G, et al. (2017) Watching the smoke rise up: Thermal efficiency, pollutant emissions and global warming impact of three biomass cookstoves in Ghana. Energies 10: 1-14.
[23]	Johnson NG, Bryden KM (2015) Field-based safety guidelines for solid fuel household cookstoves in developing countries. Energy Sustain Dev 25: 56-66.
[24]	Gallagher M, Beard M, Clifford MJ, et al. (2016) Energy for sustainable development an evaluation of a biomass stove safety protocol used for testing household cookstoves, in low and middle-income countries. Energy Sustain Dev 33: 14-25.
[25]	Masekameni D, Makonese T, Annegarn HJ (2016) Performance evaluation of three charcoal stoves, International Conference on the Domestic Use of Energy (DUE), IEEE, 1-7.
[26]	Abasiryu T, Ayuba A, Zira A (2015) Performance evaluation of some locally fabricated cookstoves in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Niger J Technol 35: 48.
[27]	Amiebenomo SO, Igbesi F, Omorodion I (2013) Fabrication and performance evaluation of an improved biomass cook stove. Int J Eng Res Technol 2: 1-10.
[28]	Charai M, Sghiouri H, Mezrhab A, et al. (2020) Thermal performance and characterization of a sawdust-clay composite material. Procedia Manuf 46: 690-697.
[29]	El Azhary K, Raefat S, Laaroussi N, et al. (2018) Energy performance and thermal proprieties of three types of unfired clay bricks. Energy Procedia 147: 495-502.
[30]	Yang S, Wi S, Lee J, et al. (2019) Biochar-red clay composites for energy efficiency as eco-friendly building materials: Thermal and mechanical performance. J Hazard Mater 373: 844-855.
[31]	Akouehou SG, Mama VJ, Hounsounou LC, et al. (2012) Fiche technique: Utilisation de la meule à cheminée de type casamançais-Casa GV pour la production du charbon de bois au Bénin. Available from: http://www.slire.net/download/2165/ft_n_12_akouehou_et_al_meule_casamen_aise.pdf.
[32]	Atonde CK, Hounkannou C, Hountondji M (2016) Tout savoir sur les foyers ameliores. Available from: https://www.fichier-pdf.fr/2018/03/09/etude-foyers-ameliores-ong-jve-benin/.
[33]	Wagner CW, Seo S (2020) Potential links between electrification and education. Available from: https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/40418-policy-brief.pdf.
[34]	World bank (2017) State of electricity access report.
[35]	Kumar A (2018) Energy research & social science justice and politics in energy access for education, livelihoods and health: How socio-cultural processes mediate the winners and losers. Energy Res Soc Sci 40: 3-13.

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2021 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)