Process, structure, property and applications of metallic glasses

Bindusri Nair; B. Geetha Priyadarshini; Bindusri Nair; B. Geetha Priyadarshini

doi:10.3934/matersci.2016.3.1022

AIMS Materials Science

2016, Volume 3, Issue 3: 1022-1053. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2016.3.1022

Previous Article Next Article

Mini review Special Issues

Process, structure, property and applications of metallic glasses

Bindusri Nair ,
B. Geetha Priyadarshini ^,

Nanotech Research Innovation and Incubation Centre, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India-641004

Received: 15 March 2016 Accepted: 07 July 2016 Published: 26 July 2016

Metallic glasses (MGs) are gaining immense technological significance due to their unique structure-property relationship with renewed interest in diverse field of applications including biomedical implants, commercial products, machinery parts, and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Various processing routes have been adopted to fabricate MGs with short-range ordering which is believed to be the genesis of unique structure. Understanding the structure of these unique materials is a long-standing unsolved mystery. Unlike crystalline counterpart, the outstanding properties of metallic glasses owing to the absence of grain boundaries is reported to exhibit high hardness, excellent strength, high elastic strain, and anti-corrosion properties. The combination of these remarkable properties would significantly contribute to improvement of performance and reliability of these materials when incorporated as bio-implants. The nucleation and growth of metallic glasses is driven by thermodynamics and kinetics in non-equilibrium conditions. This comprehensive review article discusses the various attributes of metallic glasses with an aim to understand the fundamentals of relationship process-structure-property existing in such unique class of material.
- metallic glasses,
- glass transition,
- amorphous,
- mechanical properties
Citation: Bindusri Nair, B. Geetha Priyadarshini. Process, structure, property and applications of metallic glasses[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2016, 3(3): 1022-1053. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2016.3.1022

Related Papers:

Abstract

Metallic glasses (MGs) are gaining immense technological significance due to their unique structure-property relationship with renewed interest in diverse field of applications including biomedical implants, commercial products, machinery parts, and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Various processing routes have been adopted to fabricate MGs with short-range ordering which is believed to be the genesis of unique structure. Understanding the structure of these unique materials is a long-standing unsolved mystery. Unlike crystalline counterpart, the outstanding properties of metallic glasses owing to the absence of grain boundaries is reported to exhibit high hardness, excellent strength, high elastic strain, and anti-corrosion properties. The combination of these remarkable properties would significantly contribute to improvement of performance and reliability of these materials when incorporated as bio-implants. The nucleation and growth of metallic glasses is driven by thermodynamics and kinetics in non-equilibrium conditions. This comprehensive review article discusses the various attributes of metallic glasses with an aim to understand the fundamentals of relationship process-structure-property existing in such unique class of material.

References

[1]	Klement WJ, Willens RH, Dumez P (1960) Non-crystalline Structure in Solidified Gold-Silicon alloys. Nature 187: 869–870.
[2]	Tsai PH, Li JB, Chang YZ (2014) Fatigue properties improvement of high-strength aluminum alloy by using a ZrCu-based metallic glass thin film coating. Thin Solid Films 561: 28–32. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2013.06.085
[3]	Chu JP, Huang JC, Jang JSC (2010) Thin film metallic glasses: Preparations, Properties and Applications. J Miner Met Mater Soc 62: 419–424.
[4]	Schroers J, Kumar G, Thomas M (2009) Bulk metallic glasses for biomedical applications. Bio Mater Dev 61: 21–29.
[5]	Subir S (1992) Icosahedral ordering in supercooled liquids and metallic glasses. Bond Orientational order in Condensed Matter System. KJ Strandburg ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 255–283.
[6]	Inoue A (2000) Stabilization of metallic supercooled liquid and bulk amorphous alloys. Acta Mater 48: 279–306. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00300-6
[7]	Inoue A (2001) Bullk amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys with high functional properties. Mater Sci Eng A 304: 1–10.
[8]	Turnbull D (1969) Under what conditions can a glass be formed. Contemp Phys 10: 473–488. doi: 10.1080/00107516908204405
[9]	Chu JP, Lee CM, Huang RT (2011) Zr-based glass-forming film for fatigue-property improvements of 316L stainless steel annealing effects. Surf Coat Tech 205: 4030–4034. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.02.040
[10]	Sun YT, Cao CR, Huang KQ (2014) Understanding glass-forming ability through sluggish crystallization of atomically thin metallic glassy films. Appl Phys Lett 105: 051901-051901-4. doi: 10.1063/1.4892448
[11]	Ramakrishna BR (2009) Bulk metallic glasses: Materials of future. DRDO Sci Spectrum.
[12]	Inoue A, Zhang W (2004). Formation, thermal stability and mechanical properties of Cu-Zr and Cu-Hf binary glassy alloy rods. Mater Trans 45: 584–587. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.45.584
[13]	Kwon OJ, Kim YC, Kim KB (2006) Formation of amorphous phase in the binary Cu-Zr alloy system. Met Mater Int 12: 207–212. doi: 10.1007/BF03027532
[14]	Samwer K, Johnson WL (1983) Structure of glassy early-transition-metal-late-transition-metal hydrides. Phys Rev B 28: 2907–2913.
[15]	Schwarz RB, Johnson WL (1983) Formation of an amorphous alloy by solid state reaction of the pure polycrystalline metals. Phys Rev Lett 51: 415–418. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.415
[16]	Linker G (1986) Strain induced amorphization of niobium by boron implantation. Solid State Commun 57: 773–776.
[17]	Sziraki L, Kuzmann E, El-SharifM (2000) Electrochemical behavior of electrodeposited strongly disordered Fe-Ni-Cr alloys. Electrochem Commun 2: 619–625. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2481(00)00088-6
[18]	Schwarz RB, Petrich RR, Saw CK (1985) The synthesis of amorphous NiTi alloy powders by mechanical alloying. J Non-Cryst Solids 76: 281–302. doi: 10.1016/0022-3093(85)90005-5
[19]	Mingwei Chen (2011) A brief overview of bulk metallic glasses. NGP Asia Mater 3: 82–90.
[20]	Chang YZ, Tsai PH, Li JB (2013) Zr-based metallic glass thin film coating for fatigue-properties improvements of 7075-T6 aluminium alloy. Thin Solid Films 544: 331–334. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2013.02.104
[21]	Chu JP, Jang JSC, Huang JC, et al. (2012) Thin film metallic glasses: Unique properties and potential applications. Thin Solid Films 520: 5097–5122. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2012.03.092
[22]	Yu P, Chan KC, Xia L (2009) Enhancement of strength and corrosion resistance of copper wires by metallic glass coating. Mater Trans 50: 2451–2454. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2009157
[23]	Huang HS, Pei HJ, Chang YC (2013) Tensile behaviors of amorphous ZrCu/nanocrystalline-Cu multilayered thin film on polyimide substrate. Thin Solid Films 529: 177–180. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2012.02.019
[24]	Mohan RS, Jurgen E, Loser W (2002) Cooling rate evaluation for bulk amorphous alloys from eutectic microstructures in casting processes. Mater Trans 43: 1670–1675. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.43.1670
[25]	Stoica M, Bardos A, Roth S (2011) Improved synthesis of bulk metallic glasses by current-assisted copper mould casting. Adv Eng Mater 13: 38–42. doi: 10.1002/adem.201000207
[26]	Amiya K, Inoue A (2000) Thermal stability and mechanical properties of Mg-Y-Cu-M (M = Ag, Pd) bulk amorphous alloys. Mater Trans 41: 1460–1462. doi: 10.2320/matertrans1989.41.1460
[27]	Nowosielski R, Babilas R (2011) Fe-based bulk metallic glasses prepared by centrifugal casting method. J Achievements Mater Manuf Eng 48: 153–160.
[28]	Wyslocki JJ, Pawlik P (2010) Arc-plasma spraying and suction casting methods in magnetic materials manufacturing. J Achievements Mater Manuf Eng 43: 463–468.
[29]	Figueroa IA, Caroll PA (2007) Davies HA Preparation of Cu-based bulk metallic glasses by suction casting. Solidiication Processing 07 Proceedings of the 5^th Decennial International Conference on Solidification Processing, Sheffield, UK.
[30]	Yufeng S, Nobuhiro T, Shiro K (2007) Fabrication of bulk metallic glass sheet in Cu-47 at% Zr alloys by ARB and heat treatment. Mater Trans 48: 1605–1609. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.MJ200735
[31]	Lee MH, Lee KS, Das J (2010) Improved plasticity of bulk metallic glass upon cold rolling. Scripta Mater 62: 678–681. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.01.024
[32]	Rizzi P, Habib A, Castellero A (2013) Ductility and toughness of cold-rolled metallic glasses. Intermetallics 33: 38–43. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2012.09.026
[33]	Haruyama O, Kisara K, Yamashita A (2013) Characterisation of free volume in cold-rolled Zr₅₅Cu₃₀Ni₅Al₁₀ bulk metallic glasses. Acta Mater 61: 3224–3232. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.02.010
[34]	Futterer H, Wernhardt R, Pelzl J (1983) Splat cooling device for preparation of metallic glasses in inert gases. J Non-Cryst Solids 56: 435–438. doi: 10.1016/0022-3093(83)90508-2
[35]	Budhani RC, Goel TC, Chopra KL (1982) Melt-Spining technique for preparation of metallic glass. Bull Mater Sci 4: 549–561. doi: 10.1007/BF02824962
[36]	Xu M, Ye Y, Morris JR (2006) Influence of Pd on formation of amorphous and quasicrystal phases in rapidly quenched Zr₂Cu_(1-x)Pd_x. Philos Mag 86: 389–395 doi: 10.1080/14786430500300124
[37]	Limin W, Ma L, Inoue A (2003) Nanocrystal reinforced Hf₆₀Ti₁₅Ni₅Cu₁₀ metallic glass by melt spinning. J Alloy Compd 352: 265–269. doi: 10.1016/S0925-8388(02)01163-5
[38]	Schroers J, Quoc P, Amit D (2007) Thermoplastic forming of bulk metallic glass-A technology for MEMS and microstructure fabrication. J Microelectromech S 16: 240–247. doi: 10.1109/JMEMS.0007.892889
[39]	Ye JC, Chu JP, Chen YC (2012) Hardness, yield strength and plastic flow in thin film metallic-glass. J Appl Phys 112: 053516-053516-9. doi: 10.1063/1.4750028
[40]	Wei B-H, Chu C-W, Huang C-H, et al. (2013) Characteristic studies on Zr-based metallic glass thin film on antibacterial capability fabricated by magnetron sputtering process. Bio Eng Res 3: 48–53.
[41]	Liu Y, Liu J, Sohn S (2015) Metallic glass nanostructures of tunable shape and composition. Nat commun 6.
[42]	Santanu D, Santos-Ortiz R, Harpreet S (2016) Electromechanical behavior of pulsed laser deposited platinum-based metallic glass thin films. Physica Status Solidi 213: 399–404. doi: 10.1002/pssa.201532639
[43]	Wu X, Chen F, Zhang N, et al. (2016) Silver-Copper metallic glass electrocatalyst with high activity and stability comparable to Pt/C for Zinc-air batteries. J Mater Chem A 4: 3527–3537. doi: 10.1039/C5TA09266C
[44]	Nagar S (2012) Multifunctional magnetic materials prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Doctoral dissertation. Department of material Science and Engineering, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Royal Institute of technology ,Stockholm
[45]	Saraf BM, Soodeh ZS (2013) Feasibility of Ti-based metallic glass coating in biomedical applications. Proceedings of 20^th Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME 2013), 18–20 December, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
[46]	Ningshen S, Kamachi MU, Krishnan R (2011) Corrosion behavior of Zr-based metallic glass coating on type 304L stainless steel by pulsed laser deposition. Surf Coat Tech 205: 3961–3966. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.02.039
[47]	Dapeng J (2010) Metal thin film growth on multi metallic surfaces: From quaternary metallic glass to binary crystal. Iowa State university. Graduate Theses.
[48]	Pookat G, Thomas H, Thomas S (2013) Evolution of structural and magnetic properties of Co-Fe based metallic glass thin films with thermal annealing. Surf Coat Tech 236: 246–251. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.09.055
[49]	Thomas S, Mathew J, Radhakrishnan P, et al. (2010) Metglas thin film based magnetostrictive transducers for use in long period fibre grating sensors. Sensor Actuat A-Phys 161: 83–90. doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2010.05.006
[50]	Chu JP, Lin CT, Mahalingam T (2004) Annealing induced full amorphisation in a multicomponent metallic film. Phys Rev B 69: 113410-1-4. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.113410
[51]	Chu JP, Wang C-Y, Chen LJ, et al. (2011) Annealing induced amorphisation in a sputtered glass forming film: In-situ transmission electron microscopy observation. Surf Coat Tech 205: 2914–2918. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.10.065
[52]	Lin H-K, Lee C-J, Hu T-T, et al. (2012) Pulsed laser micromachining of Mg-Cu-Gd bulk metallic glass. Opt Laser Eng 50: 883–886.
[53]	Williams E, Brousseau EB (2016) Nanosecond laser processing of Zr_41.2Ti_13.8Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5 with single pulses. J Mater Process Tech 232: 34–42.
[54]	Cheung TL, Shek CH (2008) Surface characteristics of nitrogen and argon plasma immersion ion implantation of Cu-Zr-Al bulk metallic alloy. Rev Adv Mater Sci 18: 112–120.
[55]	Huang H-H, Huang H-M, Lin M-C, et al. (2014) Enhancing the bio-corossion resistance of Ni-free ZrCuFeAl bulk metallic glass through nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation. J Alloy Compd 615: S660–S665. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.01.098
[56]	Tam CY, Shek CH (2007) Improved oxidation resistance of Cu₆₀Zr₃₀Ti₁₀ BMG with plasma immersion ion implantation. J Non-Cryst Solids 353: 3590–3595. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.05.118
[57]	Qiu SB, Yao KF (2008) Novel application of the electrodeposition on bulk metallic glasses. Appl Surf Sci 255: 3454–3458. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.07.077
[58]	Meng M, Gao Z, Ren L, et al. (2014). Improved plasticity of bulk metallic glasses by electrodeposition. Mater Sci Eng A 615: 240–246. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.07.033
[59]	Turnbull D (1969) Under what conditions can a glass be formed. Contemp Phys 10: 473-488. doi: 10.1080/00107516908204405
[60]	Inoue A, Koshiba H, Zhang T (1998) Wide supercooled liquid region and soft magnetic properties of Fe₅₆Co₇Ni₇Zr_0–10Nb (or Ta)_0–10B₂₀ amorphous alloys. J Appl Phys 83: 1967–1974
[61]	Lu ZP, Liu CT (2002) A new glass forming ability criterion for bulk metallic glasses. J Acta Mater 50: 3501–3512. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00166-0
[62]	Ji X, Ye P (2009) A thermodynamic approach to assess glass-forming ability of bulk metallic glasses. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 19: 1271–1279. doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(08)60438-0
[63]	Thompson CV, Spaepen F (1979) On the approximation of the free energy change of crystallization. Acta Metall 27: 1855–1859.
[64]	Mondal K, Murty BS (2005) On the parameters to assess the glass forming ability of liquids. J Non-Cryst Solids 351: 1366–1371. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2005.03.006
[65]	Ashmi TP, Arun P (2013) Study of glass transition kinetics for Co₆₆Si₁₂B₁₆Fe₄Mo₂ metallic glass. Int J Mod Phys: Conference series 22: 321–326. doi: 10.1142/S2010194513010295
[66]	Lafi OA, Imran MMA (2011) Compositional dependence of thermal stability, glass forming ability and fragility index in some Se-Te-Sn glasses. J Alloys Compd 509: 5090–5094. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.01.150
[67]	Mukherjee S, Schroers J, Zhou Z (2004) Viscosity and specific volume of bulk metallic glass-forming alloys and their correlation with glass forming ability. Acta Mater 52: 3689–3695.
[68]	Daniel BM, Takeshi E, Katharine MF (2007). Structural aspects of Metallic Glasses. Mater Res soc Bulletin 32: 629–634. doi: 10.1557/mrs2007.124
[69]	Qin F, Wang X, Xie G, et al. (2007) Microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd-Sn glassy and nanocrystalline alloys. Mater Trans 48: 167–170. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.48.167
[70]	Laws KJ, Miracle DB, Ferry M (2015) A predictive structural model for bulk metallic glasses. Nat Commun 6: 1–10.
[71]	Sopu D, Albe K (2015) Influence of grain size and composition, topology and excess free volume on the deformation behavior of Cu-Zrnanoglasses. Beilstein J Nanotech 6: 537–545. doi: 10.3762/bjnano.6.56
[72]	Daniel BM (2004) A structural model for metallic glasses. Nat Mater 3: 697–702. doi: 10.1038/nmat1219
[73]	Wang K, Fujita T, Chen MW (2007) Electrical conductivity of a bulk metallic glass composite. Appl Phys Lett 91: 154101-1-154101-3. doi: 10.1063/1.2795800
[74]	Umetsu R Y, Tu R, Goto T (2012) Thermal and electrical transport properties of Zr-Based bulk metallic glassy alloys with high glass – forming ability. Mater Trans 53: 1721–1725. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2012163
[75]	Dmitri VL, Larissa VL, Alexander YC (2013) Mechanical properties and deformation behavior of bulk metallic glasses. Metals 3: 1–22.
[76]	Zhang QS, Zhang W, Xie G, et al. (2010) Stable flowing of localised shear bands in soft bulk metallic glass. Acta Materialia 58: 904-909. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.10.005
[77]	Chen HS (1973) Plastic flow in metallic glasses under compression. Scr Metar 7: 931–935. doi: 10.1016/0036-9748(73)90143-9
[78]	Yu HB, Wang WH, Zhang JL (2009) Statistics analysis of the mechanical behavior of bulk metallic glasses. Adv Eng Mater 11: 370–375. doi: 10.1002/adem.200800380
[79]	Daniel P, Yokoyama Y, Fujita K (2009) Correlation between structural relaxation and shear transformation zone volume of a bulk metallic glass. Appl Phys Lett 95: 141909-141909-3.
[80]	Louzguine DV, Kato H, Inoue A (2004) High-strength Cu-based cystal-glassy composite with enhanced ductility. Appl Phys Lett 84: 1088–1089. doi: 10.1063/1.1647278
[81]	Das J, Tang MB, Kim KB (2005) Work-hardenable ductile bulk metallic glass. Phys Rev Lett 94: 205501-1-205501-4. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.205501
[82]	Hajlaoui K, Yavari AR, LeMoulec A (2007) Plasticity induced by nanoparticle dispersions in bulk metallic glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids 353: 327–331. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.10.011
[83]	Saida J, Kato H, Setyawan ADH (2005) Characterisation and properties of nanocrystal-forming Zr-based bulk metallic glasses. Rev Adv Sci 10: 34–38.
[84]	Coddet P, Sanchette F, Rousset JC (2012) On the elastic modulus and hardness of co-sputtered Zr-Cu-(N) thin metal glass film. Surf Coat Tech 206: 3567–3571. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.02.036
[85]	Madoka O, Kyoko N, Ryuji T (2005) Tungsten-based metallic glasses with high crystallisation temperature, high modulus and high hardness. Mater Trans 46: 48–53. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.46.48
[86]	Inoue A (2000) Stabilization of metallic supercooled liquid and bulk amorphous alloys. Acta Mater 48: 279–306. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00300-6
[87]	Ye JC, Lu J, Yang Y, et al. (2010) Extraction of bulk metallic glass yield strengths using tapered micropillars in micro compression experiments. Intermetallics 18: 385–393. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2009.08.011
[88]	Chou HS, Huang JC, Chang LW (2008) Structural relaxation and nanoindentation response in Zr-Cu-Ti amorphous thin films. Appl Phys Lett 93: 191901-1-191901-3. doi: 10.1063/1.2999592
[89]	Chou HS, Huang JC, Chang LW (2010) Mechanical properties of ZrCuTi thin film metallic glass with high content of immiscible tantalum. Surf Coat Tech 205: 587–590. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.042
[90]	Johnson WL, Samwer K (2005) A universal criterion for plastic yielding of metallic glasses with a (T/T_g)^2/3 temperature dependence. Phys Rev Lett 95: 195501.
[91]	Blau PJ (2001) Friction and wear of Zr-based amorphous metal alloy under dry and lubricated conditions. Wear 250: 431–434. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00627-5
[92]	Fu XY, Kasai T, Falk ML (2001) Sliding behavior of metallic glass – Part I. Experimental Investigations. Wear 250: 409–419.
[93]	Zeynep P, Mustafa B, Albert JS (2008) Sliding tribological characteristics of Zr-based bulk metallic glass. Intermetallics 16: 34–41. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2007.07.011
[94]	Tam CY, Shek CH (2004) Abrasive wear of Cu₆₀Zr₃₀Ti₁₀ bulk metallic glass. Mater Sci Eng A 384: 138–142. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2004.05.073
[95]	Prakash B (2005) Abrasive behavior of Fe, Co and Ni based metallic glasses. Wear 258: 217–224. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2004.09.010
[96]	Bhushan B (2002) Introduction to tribology. John Wiley and Sons.
[97]	Jang B-T, Yi S-H, Kim S-S (2010) Tribological behavior of Fe-based bulk metallic glass. J Mech Sci Technol 24: 89–92. doi: 10.1007/s12206-009-1123-8
[98]	Liu FX, Yang FQ, Gao YF (2009) Micro-scratch study of a magnetron-sputtered Zr-based metallic-glass film. Surf Coat Tech 203: 3480–3484.
[99]	Chunling Q, Katsuhiko A, Tao Z (2003) Corrosion behavior of Cu-Zr-Ti-Nb bulk glassy alloys. Mater Trans 4: 749–753.
[100]	Qin F, Yoshimura M, Wang X, et al. (2007) Corrosion behavior of a Ti-based bulk metallic glass and its crystalline alloys. Mater Trans 48: 1855–1858. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.MJ200713
[101]	Vincent S, Khan AF, Murty BS (2013) Corrosion characterization on melt spun Cu₆₀Zr₂₀Ti₂₀ metallic glass: An experimental case study. J Non-Cryst Solids 379: 48–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2013.07.007
[102]	Chen L-T, Lee J-W, Yang Y-C, et al. (2014) Microstructure, mechanical and anti-corrosion property evaluation of iron-based thin film metallic glasses. Surf Coat Tech 260: 46–55. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.07.039
[103]	Inoue A, Shinohara Y, Gook JS (1995) Thermal and magnetic properties of bulk Fe-based glassy alloys prepared by copper mold casting. Mater Trans 36: 1427-1433. doi: 10.2320/matertrans1989.36.1427
[104]	Inoue A, Zhang T, Zhang W, et al. (1996) Bulk Nd-Fe-Al amorphous alloys with hard magnetic properties. Mater Trans 37: 99-108. doi: 10.2320/matertrans1989.37.99
[105]	Boll R, Weichmagnetische W, GmbH VAC (1990) Siemens AG Berlin und München, Germany.
[106]	Chu JP, Lo CT, Fang YK, et al. (2006) On annealing-induced amorphisation and anisotropy in a ferromagnetic Fe-based film: a magnetic and property study. Appl Phys Lett 88: 012510-1-012510-3. doi: 10.1063/1.2161938
[107]	Wahyu D, Jinn PC, Berhanu TK (2015) Thin film metallic glasses in optoelectronic, magnetic and electronic applications: A recent update. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 19: 95–106. doi: 10.1016/j.cossms.2015.01.001
[108]	Kim H, Gilmore CM, Pique A (1999) Electrical, optical and structural properties of indium-tin-oxide thin films for organic light-emitting devices. J Appl Phys 86: 6451–6461. doi: 10.1063/1.371708
[109]	Hu TT, Hsu J, Huang JC (2012) Correlation between reflectivity and resistivity in multi component metallic systems. Appl Phys Lett 101: 011902-1-011902-4. doi: 10.1063/1.4732143
[110]	Chen H-W, Hsu K-C, Chan Y-C, et al. (2014) Antimicrobial properties of Zr-Cu-Al-Ag thin film metallic glass. Thin Solid Films 561: 98–101.
[111]	Weissman Z, Berdicevsky I, Cavari BZ (2000) The high copper tolerance of Candida albicans is mediated by a P-type ATPase. P Nati Acad Sci USA 28: 3520–3525.
[112]	Chu JP, Tz-Yah L, Chia-Lin L (2014) Fabrication and characterisations of thin film metallic glasses: Antibacterial property and durability study for medical application. Thin Solid Films 561: 102–107 doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2013.08.111
[113]	Chu YY, Lin YS, Chang CM (2014) Promising antimicrobial capability of thin film metallic glasses. Mater Sci Eng C 36: 221–225. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.12.015
[114]	Sharma P, Kaushik N, Kimura H (2007) Nano-fabrication with metallic glass – An exotic material for nano-electromechanical systems. Nanotechnology 18: 035302-1-035302-6. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/18/3/035302
[115]	Trukenmuller R, Giselbrecht S, Rivron N (2011) Thermoforming of film-based biomedical microdevices. Adv Mater 23: 1311–1329. doi: 10.1002/adma.201003538
[116]	Kaushik N, Sharma P, Ahadian S (2014) Metallic glass thin films for potential biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res Part B 102: 1544–1552. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.33135
[117]	Felix G, Klaus V, Wei-Shan W (2015) Towards MEMS loudspeaker fabrication by using metallic glass thin films. Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems ENAS. Available from: http://www.enas.fraunhofer.de/content/-
[118]	Seiichi H, Junpei S, Akira S (2005) Thin film metallic glasses as new MEMS materials. IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems.
[119]	Junpei S, Seiichi H (2015) Characteristics of Ti-Ni-Zr thin film metallic glasses/thin film shape memory alloys for micro actuators with three dimensional structures. Int J Autom Tech 9: 662–667. doi: 10.20965/ijat.2015.p0662
[120]	Susumu K, Shin-ichi Y, Hisamichi K (2010) Composition control of Pd-Cu-Si metallic glassy alloys for thin film hydrogen sensor. Mater Trans 51: 2133–2138. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2010254
[121]	Ishida M, Takeda H, Watanabe D (2004) Fillability and imprintability of high strength Ni-based bulk metallic glass prepared by the precision Die-casting technique. Mater Trans 45: 1239–1244. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.45.1239
[122]	Inoue A, Wang XM, Zhang W (2008) Developments and applications of bulk metallic glasses. Rev Adv Mater Sci 18: 1–9.

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2016 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)