Effect of hygrothermal conditioning on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy grouts for offshore pipeline rehabilitation

Md Shamsuddoha; Md Mainul Islam; Thiru Aravinthan; Allan Manalo; Luke P. Djukic; Md Shamsuddoha; Md Mainul Islam; Thiru Aravinthan; Allan Manalo; Luke P. Djukic

doi:10.3934/matersci.2016.3.832

AIMS Materials Science

2016, Volume 3, Issue 3: 832-850. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2016.3.832

Previous Article Next Article

Research article Topical Sections

Effect of hygrothermal conditioning on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy grouts for offshore pipeline rehabilitation

1.
Centre for Future Materials, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
2.
Advanced Composite Structures Australia Pty Ltd, 1/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
3.
Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures (CRC-ACS), 1/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia

Received: 19 May 2016 Accepted: 06 July 2016 Published: 08 July 2016

Offshore oil and gas pipelines are susceptible to corrosion and need rehabilitation to keep them operating in-service conditions. Fibre composite filled with epoxy-based grout is emerging as an effective repair and rehabilitation system for offshore pipelines performing underwater. In such applications, the infill grout is often subjected to moisture and elevated temperature along with compressive, tensile and localised stresses at the defect. Current standards and practices for composite repairs suggest detailed investigation of the fibre reinforced sleeve, while the characterisation of the infill material is yet to be conducted for performance evaluation. The present work investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of three epoxy grouts as candidates for infill in a grouted sleeve repair for underwater pipeline. An understanding on the effect of hygrothermal ageing on the grout properties for defining the period of 1000 hours as “long-term” according to ISO/TS 24817, in comparison to their unconditioned state, is also presented. The compressive and tensile strength of the unconditioned grouts ranges from 100–120 MPa, and 19–32 MPa, respectively, which indicates that these grouts are suitable for structural rehabilitation of the pipelines. Moreover, the glass transition temperatures, T_g and T_t of the unconditioned grouts are found to be within the ranges of 50–60 °C, and 80–90 °C, respectively, which are reduced by about 20°C after conditioning.
- pipeline,
- offshore,
- grout,
- infill,
- repair,
- rehabilitation
Citation: Md Shamsuddoha, Md Mainul Islam, Thiru Aravinthan, Allan Manalo, Luke P. Djukic. Effect of hygrothermal conditioning on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy grouts for offshore pipeline rehabilitation[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2016, 3(3): 832-850. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2016.3.832

Related Papers:

Abstract

Offshore oil and gas pipelines are susceptible to corrosion and need rehabilitation to keep them operating in-service conditions. Fibre composite filled with epoxy-based grout is emerging as an effective repair and rehabilitation system for offshore pipelines performing underwater. In such applications, the infill grout is often subjected to moisture and elevated temperature along with compressive, tensile and localised stresses at the defect. Current standards and practices for composite repairs suggest detailed investigation of the fibre reinforced sleeve, while the characterisation of the infill material is yet to be conducted for performance evaluation. The present work investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of three epoxy grouts as candidates for infill in a grouted sleeve repair for underwater pipeline. An understanding on the effect of hygrothermal ageing on the grout properties for defining the period of 1000 hours as “long-term” according to ISO/TS 24817, in comparison to their unconditioned state, is also presented. The compressive and tensile strength of the unconditioned grouts ranges from 100–120 MPa, and 19–32 MPa, respectively, which indicates that these grouts are suitable for structural rehabilitation of the pipelines. Moreover, the glass transition temperatures, T_g and T_t of the unconditioned grouts are found to be within the ranges of 50–60 °C, and 80–90 °C, respectively, which are reduced by about 20°C after conditioning.

References

[1]	International Energy Agency (2014) World Energy Outlook, Paris.
[2]	Spiegel A, Bresch D (2013) Building a sustainable energy future: risks and opportunities, Zurich.
[3]	Shamsuddoha M, Islam MM, Aravinthan T, et al. (2013) Effectiveness of using fibre-reinforced polymer composites for underwater steel pipeline repairs. Compos Struct 100: 40–54.
[4]	Lim K, Azraai S, Noor N, et al. (2015) An Overview of Corroded Pipe Repair Techniques Using Composite Materials. Int J Chem Mol Nucl Mat Metall Eng 10: 19–25.
[5]	Palmer-Jones R, Paterson G, Nespeca GA (2011) The flexible grouted clamp-a novel approach to emergency pipeline repair. In: Rio Pipeline Conference & Exposition; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
[6]	Azraai S, Lim K, Yahaya N, et al. (2015) Infill materials of epoxy grout for pipeline rehabilitation and repair. Malaysian J Civil Eng 27: 162–167.
[7]	Mendis P (1985) Commercial applications and property requirements for epoxies in construction. ACI Special Publication SP: 127–140.
[8]	Prolongo SG, del Rosario G, Ureña A (2006) Comparative study on the adhesive properties of different epoxy resins. Int J Adhes Adhes 26: 125–132.
[9]	Kneuer RL, Meyers M (1991) Strengths and limitations of epoxy grouts. Concrete International March: 54–56.
[10]	Klever FJ, Palmer AC, Kyriakides S (1994) Limit-state design of high-temperature pipelines. In: 13th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering; Houston, TX, USA.
[11]	Sum WS, Leong KH, Djukic LP, et al. (2016) Design, testing and field deployment of a composite clamp for pipeline repairs. Plast Rubber Compos 45: 81–94.
[12]	Djukic LP, Leong AYL, Falzon PJ, et al. (2014) Qualification of a composite system for pipeline repairs under dry, wet, and water-submerged conditions. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 33: 566–578.
[13]	ISO/TS 24817 (2006) Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - composite repairs of pipework - qualification and design, installation, testing and inspection. London: International Organization for Standardization.
[14]	Shamsuddoha M, Islam MM, Aravinthan T, et al. (2014) Compressive, tensile and thermal properties of epoxy grouts subjected to underwater conditioning at elevated temperature. In: 23rd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM23); Byron Bay, Australia.
[15]	Soles CL, Chang FT, Gidley DW, et al. (2000) Contributions of the nanovoid structure to the kinetics of moisture transport in epoxy resins. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 38: 776–791.
[16]	Goertzen WK, Kessler MR (2007) Dynamic mechanical analysis of carbon/epoxy composites. Comp Part B 38: 1–9.
[17]	Yang Y, Xian G, Li H, et al. (2015) Thermal aging of an anhydride-cured epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 118: 111–119.
[18]	Manhani LGB, Pardini LC, Levy NF (2007) Assessement of tensile strength of graphites by the Iosipescu coupon test. Mater Res 10: 233–239.
[19]	Vu D, Glennie A, Booth P (2011) Pipeline repairs and hot tapping technologies using epoxy based grouted technology. In: 6th International Offshore Pipeline Forum (IOPF 2011); Houston, Texas, USA.
[20]	Mattos HSdC, Reis JML, Sampaio RF, et al. (2009) An alternative methodology to repair localized corrosion damage in metallic pipelines with epoxy resins. Mater Des 30: 3581–3591.
[21]	Sing LK, Azraai SNA, Yahaya N, et al. (2015) Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Grouts for Pipeline Repair. Res J App Sci Eng Technol 11: 1430–1434.
[22]	Wang L, Wang K, Chen L, et al. (2006) Hydrothermal effects on the thermomechanical properties of high performance epoxy/clay nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci 46: 215–221.
[23]	Liu S, Cheng X, Zhang Q, et al. (2016) An investigation of hygrothermal effects on adhesive materials and double lap shear joints of CFRP composite laminates. Compos Part B Eng 91: 431–440.
[24]	Almeida JHS, Souza SDB, Botelho EC, et al. (2016) Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy filament-wound composite laminates exposed to hygrothermal conditioning. J Mat Sci 51: 4697–4708.
[25]	Osman E, Rashid MWA, Edeerozey M, et al. (2016) Hygrothermal effect on mechanical and thermal properties of filament wound hybrid composite. J Adv Manuf Technol 1–12.
[26]	Harrison DM (2000) The Grouting Handbook: A step-by-step guide to heavy equipment grouting. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company.
[27]	Brun E, Rain P, Teissedre G, et al. (2007) Hygrothermal aging of a filled epoxy resin. In: IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics; Winchester, United Kingdom.
[28]	Suwanprateeb J (2000) Calcium carbonate filled polyethylene: correlation of hardness and yield stress. Compos Part A 31: 353–359.
[29]	Blackburn BP, Tatar J, Douglas EP, et al. (2015) Effects of hygrothermal conditioning on epoxy adhesives used in FRP composites. Constr Build Mater 96: 679–689.

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2016 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)