Physical and thermo-mechanical properties of bionano reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), hemp/CNF/Ag-NPs composites

Harikrishnan Pulikkalparambil; Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai; Jinu Jacob George; Krittirash Yorseng; Suchart Siengchin; Harikrishnan Pulikkalparambil; Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai; Jinu Jacob George; Krittirash Yorseng; Suchart Siengchin

doi:10.3934/matersci.2017.3.814

AIMS Materials Science

2017, Volume 4, Issue 3: 814-831. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2017.3.814

Previous Article Next Article

Research article

Physical and thermo-mechanical properties of bionano reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), hemp/CNF/Ag-NPs composites

1.
Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, Kerala, India
2.
Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
3.
Center of Innovation in Design and Engineering for Manufacturing, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
4.
Natural Composite Research Group, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand

Received: 09 May 2017 Accepted: 29 June 2017 Published: 03 July 2017

A facile approach to prepare bionanocomposites of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is reported in this paper. The effect of different wt% of hemp/Sihemp, carbon nanofiber (CNF) and silver nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) on the density, water absorption, melting and crystallization behavior, thermal stability, mechanical properties and morphology was investigated. The density of the composites was reduced except for Ag-NPs reinforced nanocomposites while diffusion coefficient and maximum water absorption were decreased for Sihemp reinforced composites making it a suitable material to replace conventional polymers. Significant improvement in tensile strength (TS) and tensile modulus (TM) was observed for the PBAT/Sihemp composites. For CNF and Ag-NPs reinforced nanocomposites, mechanical properties were retained at lower filler concentration. But as the concentration increased, there was a tendency for the nanofillers to agglomerate, which resulted in a reduction in mechanical properties.
- poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate),
- bionanocomposites,
- crystallization,
- morphology,
- tensile properties
Citation: Harikrishnan Pulikkalparambil, Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, Jinu Jacob George, Krittirash Yorseng, Suchart Siengchin. Physical and thermo-mechanical properties of bionano reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), hemp/CNF/Ag-NPs composites[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2017, 4(3): 814-831. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2017.3.814

Related Papers:

Abstract

A facile approach to prepare bionanocomposites of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is reported in this paper. The effect of different wt% of hemp/Sihemp, carbon nanofiber (CNF) and silver nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) on the density, water absorption, melting and crystallization behavior, thermal stability, mechanical properties and morphology was investigated. The density of the composites was reduced except for Ag-NPs reinforced nanocomposites while diffusion coefficient and maximum water absorption were decreased for Sihemp reinforced composites making it a suitable material to replace conventional polymers. Significant improvement in tensile strength (TS) and tensile modulus (TM) was observed for the PBAT/Sihemp composites. For CNF and Ag-NPs reinforced nanocomposites, mechanical properties were retained at lower filler concentration. But as the concentration increased, there was a tendency for the nanofillers to agglomerate, which resulted in a reduction in mechanical properties.

References

[1]	Abraham JD, Kost J, Wiseman D (1998) Handbook of biodegradable polymers, CRC Press.
[2]	Demirbas A (2007) Biodegradable plastics from renewable resources. Energ Sources Part A 29: 419–424.
[3]	Weng YX, Jin YJ, Meng QY, et al. (2013) Biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and their blend under soil conditions. Polym Test 32: 918–926. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.05.001
[4]	Mondal D, Bhowmick B, Mollick MR, et al. (2014) Antimicrobial activity and biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 131: 40079.
[5]	Jiang L, Wolcott MP, Zhang J (2006) Study of Biodegradable Polylactide/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends. Biomacromolecules 7: 199–207. doi: 10.1021/bm050581q
[6]	Comanita ED, Hlihor RM, Ghinea C, et al. (2016) Occurrence of plastic waste in the environment: Ecological and health risks. Environ Eng Manag J 15: 675–685.
[7]	Verma R, Vinoda KS, Papireddy M, et al. (2016) Toxic Pollutants from Plastic Waste-A Review. Procedia Environ Sci 35: 701–708. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.069
[8]	Genovese L, Lotti N, Gazzano M, et al. (2016) Novel biodegradable aliphatic copolyesters based on poly(butylene succinate) containing thioether-linkages for sustainable food packaging applications. Polym Degrad Stabil 132: 191–201. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.02.022
[9]	Peres AM, Pires RR, Oréfice RL (2016) Evaluation of the effect of reprocessing on the structure and properties of low density polyethylene/thermoplastic starch blends. Carbohyd Polym 136: 210–215. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.047
[10]	Debeaufort F, Gallo JAQ, Voilley A (1998) Edible Films and Coatings: Tomorrow's Packagings: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci 38: 299–313. doi: 10.1080/10408699891274219
[11]	Arvanitoyannis I, Biliaderis CG, Ogawa H, et al. (1998) Biodegradable films made from low density polyethylene (LDPE), rice starch and potato starch for food packaging application: Part I. Carbohyd Polym 36: 89–104. doi: 10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00016-2
[12]	Tharanathan RN (2003) Biodegradable films and composite coatings: past, present and future. Trends Food Sci Tech 14: 71–78. doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(02)00280-7
[13]	Kushwaha PK, Kumar R (2010) Studies on Water Absorption of Bamboo-Polyester Composites: Effect of Silane Treatment of Mercerized Bamboo. Polym-Plast Technol 49: 45–52.
[14]	Touchaleaume F, Closas LM, Coussy HA, et al. (2016) Performance and environmental impact of biodegradable polymers as agricultural mulching films. Chemosphere 144: 433–439. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.006
[15]	Saba N, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, et al. (2016) A review on dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites. Constr Build Mater 106: 149–159. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.075
[16]	Balakrishnan P, John MJ, Pothen L, et al. (2016) Natural fibre and polymer matrix composites and their applications in aerospace engineering, In: Rana S, Fangueiro R, Advanced Composite Materials for Aerospace Engineering: Processing, Properties and Applications, 365–383.
[17]	George M, Chae M, Bressler DC (2016) Composite materials with bast fibres: Structural, technical, and environmental properties. Prog Mater Sci 83: 1–23. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.04.002
[18]	Džalto J, Medina LA, Mitschang P (2014) Volumetric interaction and material characterization of flax/furan biocomposites. KMUTNB: IJAST 7: 11–21. doi: 10.14416/j.ijast.2014.01.004
[19]	John MJ, Anandjiwala RD (2008) Recent developments in chemical modification and characterization of natural fiber-reinforced composites. Polym Composite 29: 187–207.
[20]	Li X, Tabil LG, Panigrahi S (2007) Chemical treatments of natural fiber for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites: a review. J Polym Environ 15: 25–33.
[21]	Mwaikambo LY, Ansell MP (2002) Chemical modification of hemp, sisal, jute, and kapok fibers by alkalization. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2222–2234.
[22]	Orue A, Jauregi A, Peña-Rodriguez C, et al. (2015) The effect of surface modifications on sisal fiber properties and sisal/poly (lactic acid) interface adhesion. Compos Part B-Eng 73: 132–138.
[23]	Shahzad A (2012) Hemp fiber and its composites-a review. J Compos Mater 46: 973–986. doi: 10.1177/0021998311413623
[24]	Karger-Kocsis J, Siengchin S (2014) Single-Polymer Composites: Concepts, Realization and Outlook: Review. KMUTNB: IJAST 7: 1–9.
[25]	Zolali AM, Favis BD (2017) Partial to complete wetting transitions in immiscible ternary blends with PLA: the influence of interfacial confinement. Soft Matter 13: 2844–2856. doi: 10.1039/C6SM02386J
[26]	Nofar M, Tabatabaei A, Sojoudiasli H, et al. (2017) Mechanical and bead foaming behavior of PLA-PBAT and PLA-PBSA blends with different morphologies. Eur Polym J 90: 231–244. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.031
[27]	Wu N, Zhang H (2017) Mechanical properties and phase morphology of super-tough PLA/PBAT/EMA-GMA multicomponent blends. Mater Lett 192: 17–20. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.01.063
[28]	Moustafa H, Guizani C, Dupont C, et al. (2017) Utilization of Torrefied Coffee Grounds as Reinforcing Agent To Produce High-Quality Biodegradable PBAT Composites for Food Packaging Applications. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5: 1906–1916.
[29]	Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2010) Biodegradable nanocomposites of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with organically modified nanoclays. Int J Plast Technol 14: 192–212. doi: 10.1007/s12588-010-0018-y
[30]	Fukushima K, Wu MH, Bocchini S, et al. (2012) PBAT based nanocomposites for medical and industrial applications. Mater Sci Eng C-Mater Biol Appl 32: 1331–1351. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.04.005
[31]	Dhakal HN, Zhang ZY, Bennett N (2012) Influence of fibre treatment and glass fibre hybridization on thermal degradation and surface energy characteristics of hemp/unsaturated polyester composites. Compos Part B-Eng 43: 2757–2761. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.036
[32]	Panaitescu DM, Nicolae CA, Vuluga Z, et al. (2016) Influence of hemp fibers with modified surface on polypropylene composites. J Ind Eng Chem 37: 137–146. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.03.018
[33]	Phongam N, Dangtungee R, Siengchin S (2015) Comparative studies on the mechanical properties of nonwoven- and woven-flax-fiber-reinforced poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-based composite laminates. Mech Compos Mater 51: 17–24. doi: 10.1007/s11029-015-9472-0
[34]	Kim JS, Kuk E, Yu KN, et al. (2007) Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomed-Nanotechnol 3: 95–101.
[35]	Abdo HS, Khalil AK, Al-deyab SS, et al. (2013) Antibacterial effect of carbon nanofibers containing Ag nanoparticles. Fiber Polym 14: 1985–1992. doi: 10.1007/s12221-013-1985-3
[36]	ASTM D792 (2000) Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement.
[37]	Valadez-Gonzalez A, Cervantes-Uc JM, Olayob R, et al. (1999) Effect of fiber surface treatment on the fiber-matrix bond strength of natural fiber reinforced composites. Compos Part B-Eng 30: 309–320. doi: 10.1016/S1359-8368(98)00054-7
[38]	Suardana NPG, Piao Y, Lim JK (2011) Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fibers and Hemp/PP Composites: Effects of Chemical Surface Treatment. Mater Phys Mech 11: 1–8.
[39]	Chatterjee U, Jewrajka SK, Guha S (2009) Dispersion of functionalized silver nanoparticles in polymer matrices: Stability, characterization, and physical properties. Polym Composite 30: 827–834. doi: 10.1002/pc.20655
[40]	Dhakal HN, Zhang ZY, Richardson MOW (2007) Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol 67: 1674–1683. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.019
[41]	Lin S, Guo W, Chen C, et al. (2012) Mechanical properties and morphology of biodegradablepoly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends compatibilized by transesterification. Mater Design 36: 604–608. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.11.036
[42]	Das S, Saha AK, Choudhury PK, et al. (2000) Effect of steam pretreatment of jute fiber on dimensional stability of jute composite. J Appl Polym Sci 76:1652–1661. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000613)76:11<1652::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-X
[43]	Nagarajan V, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2013) Sustainable Green Composites: Value Addition to Agricultural Residues and Perennial Grasses. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 1: 325–333. doi: 10.1021/sc300084z
[44]	Banks WM, Dumolin F, Hayward D, et al. (1996) Nondestructive examination of composite joint structures: a correlation of water absorption and high-frequency dielectric propagation. J Phys D-Appl Phys 29: 233–239. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/29/1/034
[45]	Wang W, Sain M, Cooper PA (2006) Study of moisture absorption in natural fibre plastic composites. Compos Sci Technol 66: 379–386. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.07.027
[46]	Sreekala MS, Thomas S (2003) Effect of fibre surface treatment on water sorption characteristics of oil palm fibres. Compos Sci Technol 63: 861–869. doi: 10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00270-1
[47]	Mwaikambo LY, Bisanda ETN (1999) The performance of cotton-kapok fabric-polyester composites. Polym Test 18: 181–198. doi: 10.1016/S0142-9418(98)00017-8
[48]	Beckermann GW, Pickering KL (2008) Engineering and evaluation of hemp fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: Fibre treatment and matrix modification. Compos Part A-Appl S 39: 979–988. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.03.010
[49]	Ou CF, Ho MT, Lin JR (2004) Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites with organoclay. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 140–145. doi: 10.1002/app.13158
[50]	Tregub A, Karger-Kocsis J, Koennnecke K, et al. (1995) Deformation and Thermoelastic Behavior of Poly(aryl ether ketones). Macromolecules 28: 3890–3893. doi: 10.1021/ma00115a019
[51]	Velikov V, Marand H (1997) Studies of the enthalpy relaxation and the "multiple melting" behavior of semicrystalline poly(arylene ether ether ketone) (PEEk). J Therm Anal Calorim 49: 375–383. doi: 10.1007/BF01987460

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2017 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)