Distribution, biosynthetic regulation, and bioactivities of mycosporine-2-glycine, a rare UV-protective mycosporine-like amino acid

Hakuto Kageyama; Rungaroon Waditee-Sirisattha; Hakuto Kageyama; Rungaroon Waditee-Sirisattha

doi:10.3934/molsci.2023017

AIMS Molecular Science

2023, Volume 10, Issue 4: 295-310. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2023017

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Distribution, biosynthetic regulation, and bioactivities of mycosporine-2-glycine, a rare UV-protective mycosporine-like amino acid

Hakuto Kageyama ^{1,2
,
,},
Rungaroon Waditee-Sirisattha ^{3
,
,}

1.
Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Aichi, Japan
2.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Aichi, Japan
3.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Received: 27 September 2023 Revised: 16 November 2023 Accepted: 21 November 2023 Published: 27 November 2023

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing substances biosynthesized by specific algae and cyanobacteria. MAAs are thought to contribute to protection against UV radiation in the cells of MAA producers. In addition, it has been reported that MAAs exhibit distinct physiological activities including antioxidant activity, suggesting that they are multifunctional substances. Due to their useful activities, MAAs are also expected to have industrial applications such as skin care, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. We have focused on mycosporine-2-glycine (M2G), a sole MAA biosynthesized by the halotolerant cyanobacterium Halothece sp. PCC7418 (hereafter referred to as Halothece). In cyanobacteria, M2G is a rare MAA that has been detected only in halotolerant strains. We have elucidated the biosynthetic pathway of M2G in Halothece and partially revealed its intracellular dynamics. In addition, we have reported several important bioactivities of M2G from the viewpoints of skin care and antiaging. This review systematically summarizes the distribution, biosynthetic regulation, and bioactivities of M2G.
- mycosporine-like amino acid,
- mycosporine-2-glycine,
- halotolerant cyanobacteria,
- osmoprotectant,
- antioxidant,
- antiinflammation,
- antiglycation
Citation: Hakuto Kageyama, Rungaroon Waditee-Sirisattha. Distribution, biosynthetic regulation, and bioactivities of mycosporine-2-glycine, a rare UV-protective mycosporine-like amino acid[J]. AIMS Molecular Science, 2023, 10(4): 295-310. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2023017

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Abstract

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing substances biosynthesized by specific algae and cyanobacteria. MAAs are thought to contribute to protection against UV radiation in the cells of MAA producers. In addition, it has been reported that MAAs exhibit distinct physiological activities including antioxidant activity, suggesting that they are multifunctional substances. Due to their useful activities, MAAs are also expected to have industrial applications such as skin care, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. We have focused on mycosporine-2-glycine (M2G), a sole MAA biosynthesized by the halotolerant cyanobacterium Halothece sp. PCC7418 (hereafter referred to as Halothece). In cyanobacteria, M2G is a rare MAA that has been detected only in halotolerant strains. We have elucidated the biosynthetic pathway of M2G in Halothece and partially revealed its intracellular dynamics. In addition, we have reported several important bioactivities of M2G from the viewpoints of skin care and antiaging. This review systematically summarizes the distribution, biosynthetic regulation, and bioactivities of M2G.

Abbreviations

MAA

mycosporine-like amino acids

M2G

mycosporine-2-glycine

4-DG

4-deoxygadusol

NRPS

nonribosomal peptide synthetase

DDG synthase

demethyl 4-deoxygadusol synthase

HPLC

high performance liquid chromatography

SOD

superoxide dismutase

CAT

catalase

DPPH

2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl

ABTS

azinobis(3-ethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid)

IC₅₀

a half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration

NF-κB

nuclear factor-κB

iNOS

inducible nitrogen monoxide synthase

nitrogen monoxide

COX-2

cyclooxygenase-2

PGE₂

prostaglandin E₂

TNF-α

tumor necrosis factor-α

interleukin

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the research support fund of the Research Institute of Meijo University.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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