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Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, and treatment

  • Received: 16 January 2022 Revised: 20 May 2022 Accepted: 22 May 2022 Published: 26 May 2022
  • Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and is also one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths. The 5-year survival rate depends largely on stage at diagnosis. Multiple large randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the clinical utility of lung cancer screening. Low dose computed tomography is recommended for lung cancer screening in several guidelines. Lung cancer is often diagnosed at more advanced stages owing to the nonspecific symptoms with which it presents. Diagnosis relies primarily upon imaging and biopsy. Diagnosis and staging should be performed simultaneously, if possible, by performing a biopsy at the site that will confer the highest stage. Sufficient material should be obtained to allow for molecular testing. Liquid biopsy may have a complementary role in detecting actionable mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Treatment is predicated upon stage and may involve surgery, targeted chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or some combination thereof.

    Citation: Anuj A. Shukla, Shreya Podder, Sana R. Chaudry, Bryan S. Benn, Jonathan S. Kurman. Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, and treatment[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2022, 9(2): 348-361. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2022016

    Related Papers:

  • Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and is also one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths. The 5-year survival rate depends largely on stage at diagnosis. Multiple large randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the clinical utility of lung cancer screening. Low dose computed tomography is recommended for lung cancer screening in several guidelines. Lung cancer is often diagnosed at more advanced stages owing to the nonspecific symptoms with which it presents. Diagnosis relies primarily upon imaging and biopsy. Diagnosis and staging should be performed simultaneously, if possible, by performing a biopsy at the site that will confer the highest stage. Sufficient material should be obtained to allow for molecular testing. Liquid biopsy may have a complementary role in detecting actionable mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Treatment is predicated upon stage and may involve surgery, targeted chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or some combination thereof.


    Abbreviations

    CISNET

    Cancer intervention and surveillance modeling network

    CT

    Computed tomography

    ctDNA

    Circulating tumor DNA

    EBUS

    Endobronchial ultrasound

    EBUS-NA

    Endobronchial ultrasound-guided needle aspiration

    EGFR

    Epidermal growth factor receptor

    ESTS

    European Society of Thoracic Surgeons

    EUS-NA

    Endoscopic ultrasound-guided needle aspiration

    IASLC

    International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer

    LDCT

    Low-dose computed tomography

    NCCN

    National Comprehensive Cancer Network

    NELSON

    Dutch-Belgian Randomized Lung Cancer Screening trial

    NILE

    Non-invasive versus invasive evaluation

    NLST

    National Lung Cancer Screen Trial

    NSCLC

    Non-small cell lung cancer

    PD-L1

    Programmed cell death ligand

    PET

    Positron emission tomography

    RCTs

    Randomized controlled trials

    RT

    Radiation therapy

    SEER

    Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results

    TBNA

    Transbronchial needle aspiration

    TKI

    Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

    TNM

    Tumor-node-metastasis

    USPTF

    United States Preventative Service Task Force

    WHO

    World Health Organization

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    Authors' contributions



    All authors participated in the conception and writing of this manuscript.

    Conflict of interest



    All authors have no conflicts of interest.

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