A mathematical model for imaging and killing cancer cells by using concepts of the Warburg effect in designing a Graphene system

Massimo Fioranelli; Hijaz Ahmad; Alireza Sepehri; Maria Grazia Roccia; Faissal Aziz; Massimo Fioranelli; Hijaz Ahmad; Alireza Sepehri; Maria Grazia Roccia; Faissal Aziz

doi:10.3934/mbe.2022137

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering

2022, Volume 19, Issue 3: 2985-2995. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2022137

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A mathematical model for imaging and killing cancer cells by using concepts of the Warburg effect in designing a Graphene system

1.
Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio 44, Rome 00193, Italy
2.
Information Technology Application and Research Center, Istanbul Ticaret University, Istanbul 34445, Turkey
3.
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Istanbul Ticaret University, Istanbul 34445, Turkey
4.
Istituto Terapie Sistemiche Integrate, Via Flaminia 449, Rome 00181, Italy
5.
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, B. P. 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco

Academic Editor: Sophia Jang

Received: 05 November 2021 Revised: 28 December 2021 Accepted: 29 December 2021 Published: 17 January 2022

According to the Warburg effect, there are some significant differences between metabolisms, products and process of respirations of cancer cells and normal cells. For example, normal cells absorb oxygen and glucose and give water molecules, carbon dioxide, ATP molecules and some number of spinors; while cancer cells take glucose and give lactate, less number of ATP molecules and different number of spinors. Using this property, we can design a system from two graphene sheets that are connected by pairing the fourth free electrons of carbons. Then, we can break some pairs and produce some holes. The number of these holes should be equal to the number of radiated spinors by normal cells. Near a normal cell, all holes are filled and the graphene system doesn't emit any electrical current or wave. However, near a cancer cell, some extra holes or spinors remain that their motions produce some electrical currents. These currents force on cancer cell membranes and destroy them and consequently, cause the cell death. Also, these currents emit some electromagnetic waves which detectors could take them out of the human's body and consequently, they could play the main role in imaging.
- cancer,
- graphene,
- imaging,
- Warburg effect,
- quantum
Citation: Massimo Fioranelli, Hijaz Ahmad, Alireza Sepehri, Maria Grazia Roccia, Faissal Aziz. A mathematical model for imaging and killing cancer cells by using concepts of the Warburg effect in designing a Graphene system[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2022, 19(3): 2985-2995. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2022137

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Abstract

According to the Warburg effect, there are some significant differences between metabolisms, products and process of respirations of cancer cells and normal cells. For example, normal cells absorb oxygen and glucose and give water molecules, carbon dioxide, ATP molecules and some number of spinors; while cancer cells take glucose and give lactate, less number of ATP molecules and different number of spinors. Using this property, we can design a system from two graphene sheets that are connected by pairing the fourth free electrons of carbons. Then, we can break some pairs and produce some holes. The number of these holes should be equal to the number of radiated spinors by normal cells. Near a normal cell, all holes are filled and the graphene system doesn't emit any electrical current or wave. However, near a cancer cell, some extra holes or spinors remain that their motions produce some electrical currents. These currents force on cancer cell membranes and destroy them and consequently, cause the cell death. Also, these currents emit some electromagnetic waves which detectors could take them out of the human's body and consequently, they could play the main role in imaging.

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