This article discusses the relationship between urban slums and the management of the urban infrastructure network (electrification). An extensive survey of the scientific literature on the subject points out the main challenges and possible solutions for fixing precarious electrical infrastructure in urban slums through the promotion of public policies and the establishment of new arrangements based on distributed generation technologies and smart grid. A dialogue was also developed involving topics such as sustainable development and electrification of slums; relationship between communities and modernization of electrification; and emerging and sustainable technologies in the context of urban slums. Thus, a design was constructed that triggered a discussion of the relationship between this work and several other works found in the literature. This research indicates the need to strengthen local governance and the participation of urban slums for the technological modernization of the local electrical network, mainly with the implementation of smart grid and photovoltaic generation systems.
Citation: Wesly Jean, Antonio C. P. Brasil Junior, Eugênia Cornils Monteiro da Silva. Smart grid systems infrastructures and distributed solar power generation in urban slums–A case study and energy policy in Rio de Janeiro[J]. AIMS Energy, 2023, 11(3): 486-502. doi: 10.3934/energy.2023025
This article discusses the relationship between urban slums and the management of the urban infrastructure network (electrification). An extensive survey of the scientific literature on the subject points out the main challenges and possible solutions for fixing precarious electrical infrastructure in urban slums through the promotion of public policies and the establishment of new arrangements based on distributed generation technologies and smart grid. A dialogue was also developed involving topics such as sustainable development and electrification of slums; relationship between communities and modernization of electrification; and emerging and sustainable technologies in the context of urban slums. Thus, a design was constructed that triggered a discussion of the relationship between this work and several other works found in the literature. This research indicates the need to strengthen local governance and the participation of urban slums for the technological modernization of the local electrical network, mainly with the implementation of smart grid and photovoltaic generation systems.
[1] | Atienza M, Aroca P (2013) Concentration and growth in Latin American countries. In: Cuadrado-Roura, J., Aroca, P. (eds) Regional Problems and Policies in Latin America. Advances in Spatial Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Adv in Spat Sci 127: 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39674-8_6 |
[2] | Campolina-Diniz C, Vieira DJ (2016) Brazil: Accelerated metropolization and urban crisis. Area Dev Pol 1: 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2016.1202085 doi: 10.1080/23792949.2016.1202085 |
[3] | Santos M (2005) The Brazilian urbanization. São Paulo: EDUSP Press. Available from: https://www.athuar.uema.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/SANTOS-Milton.-A-urbaniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o-brasileira..pdf. |
[4] | Perlman JE (2020) Favela: four decades of transformations in Rio de Janeiro. 1 Ed., Rio de Janeiro: FGV Press. Available from: https://books.google.com.br/books?id = d7nPDwAAQBAJ. |
[5] | Meirelles R, Athayde C (2014) A country called favela: The biggest survey ever done on the Brazilian favela, São Paulo: Gente Press. Available from: http://journals.openedition.org/horizontes/1273. |
[6] | Gonçalves RS, Brum M, Amoroso M (2020) Thinking Rio's favelas: History and urban issues. 1 Ed., Rio de Janeiro: Pallas Press. |
[7] | Brum M (2019) Brief history of Rio's favelas: From origins to major events. In: Maia, R. Rio (Re)seen from its margins. Capital Letter, 108–135. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/38406504/Breve_Hist%C3%B3ria_das_Favelas_Cariocas_das_origens_aos_Grandes_Eventos_pdf. |
[8] | Pilo F (2017) A socio-technical perspective to the right to the city: Regularizing electricity access in Rio de Janeiro's Favelas. Int J Urb Region Res 41: 396–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12489 doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.12489 |
[9] | Pilo F (2019) Negotiating networked infrastructural inequalities: Governance, electricity access, and space in Rio de Janeiro. Environ Plan C Politics Space 39: 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654419861110 doi: 10.1177/2399654419861110 |
[10] | Duren NL, Osório R (2020) Bairro: 10 years later. IDB monography, inter-American development bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002430 |
[11] | ANEEL (National Electric Energy Agency) Tarifa tocial de energia elétrica, 2020. Available from: https://www.aneel.gov.br/tarifa-social-baixa-renda. |
[12] | Pilo F (2016) Rio de Janeiro: Regularising favelas-energy consumption and the making of consumers into customers. In book: energy, power and protest on the urban grid, Rio de Janeiro: Routledge, 67–85. Available from: https://www.routledge.com/Energy-Power-and-Protest-on-the-Urban-Grid-Geographies-of-the-Electric/Luque-Ayala-Silver/p/book/9781472449009. |
[13] | Butera FM, Caputo P, Adhikaria RS, et al. (2019) Energy access in informal settlements. Results of a wide on site survey in Rio de Janeiro. Energy Policy 134: 110943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110943 |
[14] | UN Secretary-General (1987) World commission on environment and development. Available from: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/139811. |
[15] | United Nations Environment Programme (2009) Sustainable urban energy planning. A handbook for cities and towns in developing countries. Available from: https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/33074. |
[16] | ONU-Habitat (2012) Sustainable urban energy. Available from: https://unhabitat.org/sustainable-urban-energy. |
[17] | United Nations (2015) Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Available from: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda. |
[18] | Jean W, Brasil Junior ACP (2022) Solar model for rural communities: analysis of impact of a grid-connected photovoltaic system in the brazilian semi-arid region. J Sustainable Dev Energy Water Environ Syst 10: 1090405. https://doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d9.0405 doi: 10.13044/j.sdewes.d9.0405 |
[19] | Haarstad H, Wahne MW (2019) Are smart city projects catalyzing urban energy sustainability? Energy Policy 129: 918–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.001 doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.001 |
[20] | Leeuwen RP, de Wit JB, Smit GJM (2017) Review of urban energy transition in the Netherlands and the role of smart energy management. Energy Convers Manage 150: 941–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.05.081 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.05.081 |
[21] | Broto VC, Stevens L, Ackom E, et al. (2017) A research agenda for people-centered approach to energy access in the urbanizing global south. Nat Energy 2: 776–779. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-017-0007-x doi: 10.1038/s41560-017-0007-x |
[22] | McCollun DL, Echeverri LG, Busch S, et al. (2018) Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages. Environ Res Lett 13: 033006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaafe3 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aaafe3 |
[23] | Carreón RJ, Worrell E (2018) Urban energy systems within the transition to sustainable development. A research agenda for urban metabolism. Resour Conserv Recycl 132: 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.004 doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.004 |
[24] | Wesly J, Brasil Junior AC, Frate CA, et al. (2020) Techno-economic analysis of a PV-wind-battery for a remote community in Haiti. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 2: 100044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100044 doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100044 |
[25] | Bhuiyan MA, Zhang Q, Khare V, et al. (2022) Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus—A systematic literature review. Front Environ Sci 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.878394 |
[26] | Saqib A, Chan T, Mikhaylov A, et al. (2021) Are the responses of sectoral energy imports asymmetric to exchange rate volatilities in pakistan? Evidence from recent foreign exchange regime. Front Energy Res 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.614463 |
[27] | Wang S, Cao T, Chen B (2017) Urban energy-water nexus based on modified input-output analysis. Appl Energy 196: 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.011 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.011 |
[28] | Wang X, Guo M, Koppelaar RHE, et al. (2018) A Nexus approach for sustainable urban energy-water-waste systems planning and operation. Environ Sci Technol 52: 3257–3266. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04659 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04659 |
[29] | Razmjoo AA, Sumper A, Davarpanah A (2020) Energy sustainability analysis based on SDG's for developing countries. Energy Sources A: Recovery Util Environ Eff 42: 1041–1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1602215 doi: 10.1080/15567036.2019.1602215 |
[30] | Klopp JM, Petretta DL (2017) The urban sustainable development goal: indicators, complexity and politics of measuring cities. Cities 63: 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.019 doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.019 |
[31] | Valencia SC, Simon D, Croese S, et al. (2019) Adapting the sustainable development goals and the new urban agenda to the city level: Initial reflections from a comparative research project. Int J Urban Sustainable Dev 11: 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2019.1573172 doi: 10.1080/19463138.2019.1573172 |
[32] | Silva MA (2020) The electrification and modernization of the territory of Rio de Janeiro. Espaço e Economia 20. https://doi.org/10.4000/espacoeconomia.17457 |
[33] | Cabral LMM (2016) Electricity and urbanization in the city of Rio de Janeiro, In: memória da eletricidade, 1 Eds., Rio de Janeiro. Available from: https://minerva.ufrj.br/F/?func = direct & doc_number = 000879124 & local_base = UFR01. |
[34] | Labussière O, Nadaï A (2018) Energy transitions: A socio-technical inquire (energy, climate and the environment), Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77025-3 |
[35] | Emery FE (1972) System thinking, 2 Eds., Texas: Penguin Books. |
[36] | Castro NJ, Miranda M, Vardeiro P (2019) Non-technical losses in electricity distribution: The case of Light. Rio de Janeiro: Publit Sol. Available from: https://www.ie.ufrj.br/images/IE/livros/livrolight.pdf. |
[37] | Tavarez FR (2017) Gatos in the slums: Electrification, spatial segregation and disintegration of everyday life in Rio's favelas. Electrification and the territory. history and future. Available from: https://www.ub.edu/geocrit/Electr-y-territorio/FelipeTavares.pdf. |
[38] | Ventura LO, Melo JF, Padilha-Feltrin A, et al. (2020) A new way for comparing solutions to non-technical electricity losses in south America. Util Policy 67: 101113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2020.101113 doi: 10.1016/j.jup.2020.101113 |
[39] | Ali ABMS (2013) Smart grids: Opportunities, developments, and trends. Green energy and technology, 1 Eds., Springer London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5210-1 |
[40] | Daneshvar M, Asadi S, Mohammadi-Ivatloo B (2021) Overview of the grid modernization and smart grids, In: grid modernization—future energy network infrastructure, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64099-6_1 |
[41] | Skjø lsvold TM, Ryghaug M, Berker T (2015) A traveler's guide to smart grids and the social sciences. Energy Res Soc Sci 9: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.08.017 doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2015.08.017 |
[42] | Lovell H (2019) The promise of smart grids. Int J Justice Sustainability 4: 580–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2017.1422117 doi: 10.1080/13549839.2017.1422117 |
[43] | de Wildt TE, Chappin EJL, van de Kaa G, et al. (2019) Conflicting values in the smart electricity grid a comprehensive overview. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 111: 184–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.005 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.005 |
[44] | Kumar A (2019) Beyond technical smartness: Rethinking the development and implementation of sociotechnical smart grids in India. Energy Res Soc Sci 49: 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.026 doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.026 |
[45] | Welton S (2017) Grid modernization and energy poverty. N C J Law Tech 18: 565–608. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/223234335.pdf. |
[46] | Mengolini A, Vasiljevska J (2013) The social dimension of smart grids: Consumer, community, society. Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport, Publications Office, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2790/94972 |
[47] | Wolsink M (2020) Distributed energy systems as commnin goods: Socio-political acceptance of renewables in intelligent microgrids. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 127: 109841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109841 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109841 |
[48] | Muriel B, Perera ATD, Hammin C, et al. (2020) Improving energy sustainability of suburban areas by using distributed energy system: A case study. Proceedings 58: 06918. https://doi.org/10.3390/WEF-06918 doi: 10.3390/WEF-06918 |
[49] | Jean W, Brasil Junior ACP (2020). Simulation of a photovoltaic system for a community in Haiti. enerLAC 4: 44–55. Available from: https://enerlac.olade.org/index.php/ENERLAC/article/view/123. |
[50] | Garcez CG (2017) Distributed electricity generation in Brazil: An analysis of policy context, design and impact. Util Policy 49: 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.06.005 doi: 10.1016/j.jup.2017.06.005 |
[51] | Faria JH, Trigoso FBM, Cavalcanti JAM (2017) Review of distributed generation with photovoltaic grid connected systems in Brazil: Challenges and prospects. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 75: 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.076 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.076 |
[52] | Jean W, Arcela A, van Els RH, et al. (2021) A GIS for rural electrification strategies in the brazilian amazon. Pap Appl Geogr 7: 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/23754931.2020.1870539 doi: 10.1080/23754931.2020.1870539 |
[53] | Chaves NHR (2020) Solar energy in the Rio de Janeiro slums: successful initiatives? Case repository economic commission for latin america and the caribbean (CEPAL). Available from: https://archivo.cepal.org/pdfs/bigpushambiental/Caso37-EnergiaSolarNasFavelasRJ.pdf. |
[54] | Pinho LLR (2017) Democratization of access to solar energy and community empowerment: The case of the Santa Marta community. Proceedings of the XIV National Meeting of Engineering and Social Development: Energy, environment and sustainability. 14: 1. Available from: https://anais.eneds.org.br/index.php/eneds/article/view/483. |
[55] | Moon B (2018) A study of solar PV potential to ensure reliable supply of affordable electricity in favelas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Msc Thesis. Available from: https://repositorioinstitucional.uaslp.mx/xmlui/handle/i/4543. |
[56] | Lima DSC (2015) Solar power versus electricity theft in Brazilian favelas, MSC environment and resource management-research project. Vriej University Amsterdam. Available from: https://energypedia.info/images/d/d9/Diego_Costa_-_Solar_power_versus_electricity_theft_in_Brazilian_favelas.pdf. |
[57] | Reolon C (2019) Renewable energy in urban low-income communities. Case study of Santa Marta, Rio de Janeiro, master thesis, IST-Lisboa. Available from: https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2117/332137. |
[58] | Garcez CG (2015) Distributed generation policies and sustainability of the electrical system. Thesis (doctorate in sustainable development)—University of Brasília. Available from: https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/20988. |
[59] | Dantas SG, Pompermayer FM (2018) Economic viability of photovoltaic systems in Brazil and possible effects on the electricity sector, text for discussion 2388, IPEA (institute of applied economic reasearch). Available from: https://portalantigo.ipea.gov.br/agencia/images/stories/PDFs/TDs/td_2388.pdf. |
[60] | Caramizaru A, Uihlein A (2020) Energy communities: An overview of energy and social innovation, policy report joint research centre (JRC)-European Commission. Available from: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC119433. |