Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst of Na2O/γ-Al2O3 assisted by ultrasonic wave

Aman Santoso; Titania Nur Kusumah; Sumari Sumari; Anugrah Ricky Wijaya; Rini Retnosari; Ihsan Budi Rachman; Siti Marfuah; Muhammad Roy Asrori; Aman Santoso; Titania Nur Kusumah; Sumari Sumari; Anugrah Ricky Wijaya; Rini Retnosari; Ihsan Budi Rachman; Siti Marfuah; Muhammad Roy Asrori

doi:10.3934/energy.2022049

AIMS Energy

2022, Volume 10, Issue 5: 1059-1073. doi: 10.3934/energy.2022049

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Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst of Na₂O/γ-Al₂O₃ assisted by ultrasonic wave

1.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jalan Semarang No. 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
2.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3.
Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Saitama 337-8570, Japan

Received: 15 June 2022 Revised: 15 September 2022 Accepted: 22 September 2022 Published: 27 September 2022

The synthesis of biodiesel via transesterification needs to be improved by the heterogeneous catalysts. So, the study aimed to determine the best conditions for the synthesis of biodiesel produced through a transesterification reaction using waste cooking oil with a Na₂O/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst assisted by ultrasonic wave. The steps were: catalyst preparation, oil preparation, esterification, trans-esterification reactions using methanol and various Na₂O/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts, and characterization. The results showed that the refined waste cooking oil using FTIR was known that there was still a carbonyl group indicating the presence of triglycerides. Free Fatty Acid content of waste cooking oil after esterification was 0.40%, so that the transesterification reaction could be carried out. The XRD results of the catalyst showed a conformity with the reference and it was determined by the Scherrer formula that the crystal size of the catalyst was 30.59 nm. The best condition for biodiesel synthesis was obtained at a catalyst ratio of 1:1 as much as concentration 3% w/w for 15 minutes of ultrasonication, 65 ℃, and molar ratio of methanol: oil (12:1), for the yield of 83.51%. After identification through GC-MS, it was known that the main components in the transesterified biodiesel from waste cooking oil were methyl elaidate (38.54%), methyl palmitate (30.90%) and methyl linoleate (16.61%).
- heterogeneous catalyst,
- biodiesel,
- transesterification,
- ultrasonic wave,
- renewable energy
Citation: Aman Santoso, Titania Nur Kusumah, Sumari Sumari, Anugrah Ricky Wijaya, Rini Retnosari, Ihsan Budi Rachman, Siti Marfuah, Muhammad Roy Asrori. Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst of Na2O/γ-Al2O3 assisted by ultrasonic wave[J]. AIMS Energy, 2022, 10(5): 1059-1073. doi: 10.3934/energy.2022049

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Abstract

The synthesis of biodiesel via transesterification needs to be improved by the heterogeneous catalysts. So, the study aimed to determine the best conditions for the synthesis of biodiesel produced through a transesterification reaction using waste cooking oil with a Na₂O/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst assisted by ultrasonic wave. The steps were: catalyst preparation, oil preparation, esterification, trans-esterification reactions using methanol and various Na₂O/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts, and characterization. The results showed that the refined waste cooking oil using FTIR was known that there was still a carbonyl group indicating the presence of triglycerides. Free Fatty Acid content of waste cooking oil after esterification was 0.40%, so that the transesterification reaction could be carried out. The XRD results of the catalyst showed a conformity with the reference and it was determined by the Scherrer formula that the crystal size of the catalyst was 30.59 nm. The best condition for biodiesel synthesis was obtained at a catalyst ratio of 1:1 as much as concentration 3% w/w for 15 minutes of ultrasonication, 65 ℃, and molar ratio of methanol: oil (12:1), for the yield of 83.51%. After identification through GC-MS, it was known that the main components in the transesterified biodiesel from waste cooking oil were methyl elaidate (38.54%), methyl palmitate (30.90%) and methyl linoleate (16.61%).

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