Computer implementation of the method for electrolytic production of thin films for biomedical applications: short review

Alexander Galashev; Alexander Galashev

doi:10.3934/biophy.2024004

AIMS Biophysics

2024, Volume 11, Issue 1: 39-65. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2024004

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Computer implementation of the method for electrolytic production of thin films for biomedical applications: short review

Alexander Galashev ^,

Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academic Str. 20, Ekaterinburg, 620066, Russia

Received: 02 November 2023 Revised: 23 December 2023 Accepted: 09 January 2024 Published: 22 January 2024

Optimizing the electrodeposition process condition requires considerable effort and time. The use of modeling and simulations can largely solve this problem. This short review is focused on the development of mathematical models and molecular dynamics simulations, which can be used to predict the electrodeposition of thin silicon and silicon carbide films using the KCl-KF-KI electrolyte. The use of computer simulations to obtain thin films of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide is considered. Silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and silicon carbide are important biomedical materials. Additionally, we consider modeling the decomposition process of various precursors used as sources of Si⁴⁺ and C⁴⁺ ions for electrolytic deposition. The calculation of various physical properties of crystalline silicon and important modifications of silicon carbide, including the thermal conductivity, surface diffusion coefficients, and a detailed structure determined by constructing Voronoi polyhedra, are discussed. A computer model allows one to explore the use of “a defective silicene/silicon carbide” hybrid material as a lithium-ion battery anode. The possibilities for solving problems of processes optimization in modern methods for producing biomedical materials are discussed.

Keywords:

Citation: Alexander Galashev. Computer implementation of the method for electrolytic production of thin films for biomedical applications: short review[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2024, 11(1): 39-65. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2024004

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Abstract

1. Introduction

The equation:

$\begin{equation} \begin{cases} \partial_t u + \partial_x f(u)-\beta^2 \partial_{x}^2 u+\delta \partial_{x}^3 u+\kappa u +\gamma^2\vert u\vert u = 0, &\quad 0 < t < T, \quad x\in \mathbb{R},\\ u(0,x) = u_0(x), &\quad x\in \mathbb{R}, \end{cases} \end{equation}$

(1.1)

was originally derived in ^[14,17] with $f(u) = au^2$ focusing on microbubbles coated by viscoelastic shells. These structures are crucial in ultrasound diagnosis using contrast agents, and the dynamics of individual coated bubbles are explored, taking into account nonlinear competition and dissipation factors such as dispersion, thermal effects, and drag force.

The coefficients $\beta^2$ , $\delta$ , $\kappa$ , and $\gamma^2$ are related to the dissipation, the dispersion, the thermal conduction dissipation, and to the drag force, repsctively.

If $\kappa = \gamma = 0$ , we obtain the Kudryashov-Sinelshchikov ^[18] Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers ^[3,20] equation

$\begin{equation} \partial_t u +a \partial_x u^2-\beta^2 \partial_{x}^2 u+\delta \partial_{x}^3 u = 0, \end{equation}$

(1.2)

that models pressure waves in liquids with gas bubbles, taking into account heat transfer and viscosity. The mathematical results on Eq (1.2) are the following:

● analysis of exact solutions in ^[13],

● existence of the traveling waves in ^[2],

● well-posedness and asymptotic behavior in ^[7,11].

If $\beta = 0$ , we derive the Korteweg-de Vries equation:

$\begin{equation} \partial_t u +a \partial_x u^2+\delta \partial_{x}^3 u = 0, \end{equation}$

(1.3)

which describes surface waves of small amplitude and long wavelength in shallow water. Here, $u(t, x)$ represents the wave height above a flat bottom, $x$ corresponds to the distance in the propagation direction, and $t$ denotes the elapsed time. In ^{[4,6,10,12,15,16]}, the completele integrability of Eq (1.3) and the existence of solitary wave solutions are proved.

Through the manuscript, we will assume

● on the coefficients

$\begin{equation} \beta,\,\delta,\,\kappa,\,\gamma\in \mathbb{R}, \quad \beta,\,\delta,\,\gamma\ne0; \end{equation}$

(1.4)

● on the flux $f$ , one of the following conditions:

$\begin{align} &f(u) = a u^2+bu^3, \end{align}$

(1.5)

$\begin{align} &f\in C^1( \mathbb{R}), \quad \vert f'(u)\vert\le C_0\left(1+\vert u\vert\right), \quad u\in \mathbb{R}, \end{align}$

(1.6)

for some positive constant $C_0$ ;

● on the initial value

$\begin{equation} u_0\in H^1( \mathbb{R}). \end{equation}$

(1.7)

The main result of this paper is the following theorem.

Theorem 1.1. Assume Eqs (1.5)–(1.7). For fixed $T > 0$ , there exists a unique distributional solution $u$ of Eq (1.1), such that

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} u \in&\, L^{\infty}(0,T;H^1( \mathbb{R}))\cap L^4(0,\,T;W^{1,\,4}( \mathbb{R}))\cap L^6(0,\,T;W^{1,\,6}( \mathbb{R}))\\ \partial_{x}^2 u\in&\, L^2((0,\,T)\times \mathbb{R}). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(1.8)

Moreover, if $u_1$ and $u_2$ are solutions to Eq (1.1) corresponding to the initial conditions $u_{1, 0}$ and $u_{2, 0}$ , respectively, it holds that:

$\begin{equation} \left\| {u_1(t,\cdot)-u_2(t,\cdot)} \right\|_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\le e^{C(T)t}\left\| {u_{1,0}-u_{2,0}} \right\|_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}, \end{equation}$

(1.9)

for some suitable $C(T) > 0$ , and every, $0\le t\le T$ .

Observe that Theorem 1.1 gives the well-posedness of (1.1), without conditions on the constants. Moreover, the proof of Theorem 1.1 is based on the Aubin-Lions Lemma ^[5,21]. The analysis of Eq (1.1) is more delicate than the one of Eq (1.2) due to the presence of the nonlinear sources and the very general assumptions on the coefficients.

The structure of the paper is outlined as follows. Section 2 is dedicated to establishing several a priori estimates for a vanishing viscosity approximation of Eq (1.1). These estimates are crucial for proving our main result, which is presented in Section 3.

2. Vanishing viscosity approximation

To establish existence, we utilize a vanishing viscosity approximation of equation (1.1), as discussed in ^[19]. Let $0 < \varepsilon < 1$ be a small parameter, and denote by $u_\varepsilon\in C^\infty([0, T)\times \mathbb{R})$ the unique classical solution to the following problem ^[1,9]:

$\begin{equation} \begin{cases} \partial_t u_\varepsilon + \partial_x f( u_\varepsilon)-\beta^2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+\delta \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon+\kappa u\\ \qquad\quad +\gamma^2\vert u\vert u = - \varepsilon \partial_{x}^4 u_\varepsilon, &\quad 0 < t < T, \quad x\in \mathbb{R},\\ u_{ \varepsilon}(0,x) = u_{ \varepsilon,\,0}(x), &\quad x\in \mathbb{R}, \end{cases} \end{equation}$

(2.1)

where $u_{ \varepsilon, \, 0}$ is a $C^{\infty}$ approximation of $u_0$ , such that

$\begin{equation} \left\| {u_{ \varepsilon,\,0}} \right\|_{H^1( \mathbb{R})}\le \left\| {u_0} \right\|_{H^1( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation}$

(2.2)

Let us prove some a priori estimates on $u_\varepsilon$ , denoting with $C_0$ constants which depend only on the initial data, and with $C(T)$ the constants which depend also on $T$ .

We begin by proving the following lemma:

Lemma 2.1. Let $T > 0$ be fixed. There exists a constant $C(T) > 0$ , which does not depend on $\varepsilon$ , such that

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}&+2\gamma^2e^{\vert\kappa\vert t}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\!\!\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}e^{-\vert\kappa\vert s} u_\varepsilon^2\vert u_\varepsilon\vert dsdx\\ &+2\beta^2e^{\vert\kappa\vert t}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}e^{-\vert\kappa\vert s}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} ds\\ &+2 \varepsilon e^{\vert\kappa\vert t}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}e^{-\vert\kappa\vert s}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2(R)}\le C(T), \end{split} \end{equation}$

(2.3)

for every $0\le t\le T$ .

Proof. For $0\le t\le T$ . Multiplying equations (2.1) by $2 u_\varepsilon$ , and integrating over $\mathbb{R}$ yields

$\begin{align*} \frac{d}{dt}&\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} = 2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon \partial_t u_\varepsilon dx\\ = &\underbrace{-2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon f'( u_\varepsilon) \partial_x u_\varepsilon dx}_{ = 0}+2\beta^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx-2\delta\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon dx \\ &-\kappa\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon^2 dx-2 \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^4 u_\varepsilon dx \\ = &-2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2\delta\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx\\ &-\kappa\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon^2 dx+2 \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon dx\\ = &-2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-\kappa\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &-2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon^2 dx-2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{align*}$

Thus, it follows that

$\begin{align*} \frac{d}{dt}\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+&2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &+2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon^2 dx+2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ = &\kappa\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\le \vert\kappa\vert \left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{align*}$

Therefore, applying the Gronwall's lemma and using Eq (2.2), we obtain

$\begin{align*} \left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}&+2\beta^2 e^{\vert\kappa\vert t}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}e^{-\vert\kappa\vert s}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds\\ &+ 2\gamma^2e^{\vert\kappa\vert t}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^t\!\!\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}e^{-\vert\kappa\vert t}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon^2 dsdx+2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &+2 \varepsilon e^{\vert\kappa\vert t}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}e^{-\vert\kappa\vert s} \left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds\\ \le& C_0e^{\vert\kappa\vert t}\le C(T), \end{align*}$

which gives Eq (2.3). □

Lemma 2.2. Fix $T > 0$ and assume (1.5). There exists a constant $C(T) > 0$ , independent of $\varepsilon$ , such that

$\begin{align} \left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}&\le C(T), \end{align}$

(2.4)

$\begin{align} \left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+\beta^2\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds& \end{align}$

(2.5)

$\begin{align} +2 \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds&\le C(T),\\ \displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^4_{L^4( \mathbb{R})} ds&\le C(T), \end{align}$

(2.6)

holds for every $0\le t\le T$ .

Proof. Let $0\le t\le T$ . Consider $A, \, B$ as two real constants, which will be specified later. Thanks to Eq (1.5), multiplying Eq (2.1) by

$\begin{equation*} -2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3, \end{equation*}$

we have that

$\begin{align} &\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) \partial_t u_\varepsilon+ 2a\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) u_\varepsilon \partial_x u_\varepsilon\\ &\qquad\quad+3b\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) u_\varepsilon^2 \partial_x u_\varepsilon-\beta^2\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon \\ &\qquad\quad+\delta\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon+\kappa\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) u_\varepsilon\\ &\qquad\quad+\gamma^2\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right)\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon = - \varepsilon\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) \partial_{x}^4 u_\varepsilon. \end{align}$

(2.7)

Observe that

$\begin{align*} &\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) \partial_t u_\varepsilon dx\\ &\qquad = \frac{d}{dt}\left(\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+\frac{A}{3}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^3dx +\frac{B}{4}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx\right),\\ &2a\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) u_\varepsilon \partial_x u_\varepsilon dx = -4a\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx,\\ &3b\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) u_\varepsilon^2 \partial_x u_\varepsilon dx = -6b\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2 \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx,\\ &{-\beta^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx}\\ &\qquad = 2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2A\beta^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2 dx +3B\beta^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2dx, \\ &\delta\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon dx = -2A\delta\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx -3B\delta\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2 \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx, \\ &\kappa\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) u_\varepsilon dx\\ &\qquad = {2\kappa\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+{A\kappa}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^3 dx +{B\kappa}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx,}\\ &\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right)\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon dx\\ &\qquad = -2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx +A\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u\vert u_\varepsilon^3dx +B\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u^4 dx,\\ &- \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left(-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon+A u_\varepsilon^2+B u_\varepsilon^3\right) \partial_{x}^4 u_\varepsilon dx\\ &\qquad = -2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2A \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon \partial_x u_\varepsilon{ \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon} dx+3B \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2 \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon dx\\ &\qquad = -2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-A \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^3 dx -6B \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx\\ &\qquad\quad -3B \varepsilon\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot) \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad = -2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-A \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^3 dx +2B \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^4dx\\ &\qquad\quad -3B \varepsilon\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot) \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{align*}$

Therefore, an integration on $\mathbb{R}$ gives

$\begin{align*} &\frac{d}{dt}\left(\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+\frac{A}{3}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^3dx +\frac{B}{4}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx\right)\\ &\qquad\quad +\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad = -\left(4a+A\delta\right)\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx -3\left(2b+B\delta\right)\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2 \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx\\ &\qquad\quad -2A\beta^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2 dx -3B\beta^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2dx\\ &\qquad\quad -\kappa\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-\frac{A\kappa}{3}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^3 dx -\frac{B\kappa}{4}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx\\ &\qquad\quad +2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx {-A\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon^3dx-B\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon^4 dx}\\ &\qquad\quad -A \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^3 dx +2B \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^4dx-3B \varepsilon\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot) \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{align*}$

Taking

$\begin{equation*} \left(A,\,B\right) = \left(-\frac{4a}{\delta},\,-\frac{2b}{\delta}\right), \end{equation*}$

we get

$\begin{align} &\frac{d}{dt}\left(\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-\frac{4a}{3\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^3dx -\frac{b}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx\right)\\ &\qquad\quad +2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad = \frac{8a\beta^2}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2 dx +\frac{6b\beta^2}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2dx\\ &\qquad\quad -\kappa\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+\frac{4a\kappa}{3\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^3 dx +\frac{b\kappa}{2}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx\\ &\qquad\quad +2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx {+\frac{4a\gamma^2}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon^3dx +\frac{2b\gamma^2}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon^4 dx} \\ &\qquad\quad +\frac{4a \varepsilon}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^3 dx-\frac{4b \varepsilon}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^4dx+\frac{6b \varepsilon}{\delta}\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot) \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{align}$

(2.8)

Since $0 < \varepsilon < 1$ , due to the Young inequality and (2.3),

$\begin{align*} &\frac{8a\beta^2}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2 dx\\ &\qquad\le 4\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2 dx +\frac{4a^2\beta^4}{\delta^2}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le 4\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+\frac{4a^2\beta^4}{\delta^2}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C_0\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right)\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})},\\ &\left\vert\frac{6b\beta^2}{\delta}\right\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2dx\le \left\vert\frac{6b\beta^2}{\delta}\right\vert\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})},\\ &\vert\frac{4a\kappa}{3\delta}\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert^3 dx\le \left\vert\frac{4a\kappa}{3\delta}\right\vert\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})},\\ &\left\vert\frac{b\kappa}{2}\right\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx\le \left\vert\frac{b\kappa}{2}\right\vert\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}, \\ &2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx{\le}2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left\vert\frac{\gamma^2\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon}{\beta}\right\vert\left\vert\beta \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon\right\vert dx\\ &\qquad\le\frac{\gamma^4}{\beta^2}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}{ u_\varepsilon}^4dx +\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad \le\frac{\gamma^4}{\beta^2}\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0.T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} +\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})},\\ &\left\vert\frac{4a\gamma^2}{\delta}\right\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert { u_\varepsilon}\vert \vert u_\varepsilon\vert^3dx = \left\vert\frac{4a\gamma^2}{\delta}\right\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx\\ &\qquad\le \left\vert\frac{4a\gamma^2}{\delta}\right\vert\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} \le C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}, \\ &\left\vert\frac{2b\gamma^2}{\delta}\right\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert { u_\varepsilon}^4 dx\le \left\vert\frac{2b\gamma^2}{\delta}\right\vert\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,\,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,\,T)\times \mathbb{R})},\\ &\left\vert\frac{4a \varepsilon}{\delta}\right\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert \partial_x u_\varepsilon\vert^3 dx\le\left\vert\frac{4a \varepsilon}{\delta}\right\vert\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} +\left\vert\frac{4a \varepsilon}{\delta}\right\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^4 dx\\ &\qquad \le \left\vert\frac{4a}{\delta}\right\vert\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} +\left\vert\frac{4a \varepsilon}{\delta}\right\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^4 dx. \end{align*}$

It follows from Eq (2.8) that

$\begin{align} &\frac{d}{dt}\left(\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-\frac{4a}{3\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^3dx -\frac{b}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx\right)\\ &\qquad\quad +\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C_0\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right)\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\quad +C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\quad+C_0 \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^4 dx +C_0 \varepsilon\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot) \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\quad {+C_0\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}}. \end{align}$

(2.9)

[8, Lemma 2.3] says that

$\begin{equation} \displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^4 dx\le 9\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2( \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon)^2 dx\le 9\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,\,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation}$

(2.10)

Moreover, we have that

$\begin{equation} \left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot) \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} = \displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2( \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon)^2 dx {\le}\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,\,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation}$

(2.11)

Consequentially, by Eqs (2.9)–(2.11), we have that

$\begin{align*} &\frac{d}{dt}\left(\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-\frac{4a}{3\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^3dx -\frac{b}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx\right)\\ &\qquad\quad +\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C_0\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right)\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\quad +C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\quad +C_0 \varepsilon\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,\,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} {+C_0\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}.}\notag \end{align*}$

An integration on $(0, t)$ and Eqs (2.2) and (2.3) give

$\begin{align*} &\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-\frac{4a}{3\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^3dx -\frac{b}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx\\ &\qquad\quad +\beta^2\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds+2 \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds\\ &\qquad\le C_0\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right)\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds\\ &\qquad\quad+C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}t +C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}t+C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}t\\ &\qquad\quad +C_0 \varepsilon\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,\,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds {+C_0\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds}\\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})} +\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right). \end{align*}$

Therefore, by Eq (2.3),

$\begin{align} &\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+\beta^2\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds+2 \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds\\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})} +\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right)\\ &\qquad\quad +\frac{4a}{3\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^3dx +\frac{b}{\delta}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx \\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})} +\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right)\\ &\qquad\quad +\left\vert\frac{4a}{3\delta}\right\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert^3dx +\left\vert\frac{b}{\delta}\right\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx \\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})} +\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right)\\ &\qquad\quad +\left\vert\frac{4a}{3\delta}\right\vert \left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { u_\varepsilon({t},\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} +\left\vert\frac{b}{\delta}\right\vert\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})} +\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right). \end{align}$

(2.12)

We prove Eq (2.4). Thanks to the Hölder inequality,

$\begin{equation*} u_\varepsilon^2(t,x) = 2\displaystyle {\int}_{-\infty}^{x} u_\varepsilon \partial_x u_\varepsilon dx\le 2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert\vert \partial_x u_\varepsilon\vert dx\le 2\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation*}$

Hence, we have that

$\begin{equation} \left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^4_{L^{\infty}( \mathbb{R})}\le 4\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation}$

(2.13)

Thanks to Eqs (2.3) and (2.12), we have that

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^4_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})} +\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(2.14)

Due to the Young inequality,

$\begin{align*} C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^3_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\le& \frac{1}{2}\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^4_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})},\\ C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\le& C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+C(T). \end{align*}$

By Eq (2.14), we have that

$\begin{equation*} \frac{1}{2}\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^4_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}-C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}-C(T){\le0}, \end{equation*}$

which gives Eq (2.4).

Equation (2.5) follows from Eqs (2.4) and (2.12).

Finally, we prove Eq (2.6). We begin by observing that, from Eqs (2.4) and (2.10), we have

$\begin{equation*} \left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^4_{L^4( \mathbb{R})}\le C(T)\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation*}$

An integration on $(0, t)$ and Eqs (2.5) give Eq (2.6). □

Lemma 2.3. Fix $T > 0$ and assume (1.6). There exists a constant $C(T) > 0$ , independent of $\varepsilon$ , such that Eq (2.4) holds. Moreover, we have Eqs (2.5) and (2.6).

Proof. Let $0\le t\le T$ . Multiplying Eq (2.1) by $-2 \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon$ , an integration on $\mathbb{R}$ gives

$\begin{align*} \frac{d}{dt}&\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} = -2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon \partial_t u_\varepsilon dx\\ = &-2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}f'( u_\varepsilon) \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx-2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} -2\delta\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon dx\\ &-2\kappa\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx-2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx+2 \varepsilon\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^4 u_\varepsilon dx\\ = &-2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}f'( u_\varepsilon) \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx -2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &+2\kappa\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx-2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{align*}$

Therefore, we have that

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &\frac{d}{dt}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad = -2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}f'( u_\varepsilon) \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx+2\kappa\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(2.15)

Due Eqs (1.6) and (2.3) and the Young inequality,

$\begin{align*} &2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert f'( u_\varepsilon)\vert\vert \partial_x u_\varepsilon\vert\vert \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon\vert dx\le C_0\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon\vert dx+C_0\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon \partial_x u_\varepsilon\vert\vert \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon\vert dx\\ &\qquad = 2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left\vert\frac{C_0\sqrt{3} \partial_x u_\varepsilon}{2\beta}\right\vert\left\vert\frac{\beta \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon}{\sqrt{3}}\right\vert dx+2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left\vert\frac{C_0\sqrt{3} u_\varepsilon \partial_x u_\varepsilon}{2\beta}\right\vert\left\vert\sqrt{3}\beta \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon\right\vert dx\\ &\qquad\le C_0\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+C_0\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2 dx +\frac{2\beta^2}{3}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C_0\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+C_0\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} +\frac{2\beta^2}{3}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C_0\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right)\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} +\frac{2\beta^2}{3}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})},\\ &2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dx\le 2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^2\vert \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon\vert dx = 2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left\vert\frac{\sqrt{3}\gamma^2 u_\varepsilon^2}{\beta}\right\vert\left\vert\frac{\beta \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon}{\sqrt{3}}\right\vert dx\\ &\qquad\le \frac{3\gamma^4}{\beta^2}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} u_\varepsilon^4 dx + \frac{\beta^2}{3}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le\frac{3\gamma^4}{\beta^2}\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} + \frac{\beta^2}{3}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}+\frac{\beta^2}{3}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{align*}$

It follows from Eq (2.15) that

$\begin{align*} &\frac{d}{dt}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+\beta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2 \varepsilon\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ &\qquad\le C_0\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right)\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}. \end{align*}$

Integrating on $(0, t)$ , by Eq (2.3), we have that

(2.16)

Thanks to Eqs (2.3), (2.13), and (2.16), we have that

$\begin{equation*} \left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^4_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\le C(T)\left(1+\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\right). \end{equation*}$

Therefore,

$\begin{equation*} \left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^4_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}-C(T)\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}-C(T)\le 0, \end{equation*}$

which gives (2.4).

Equation (2.5) follows from (2.4) and (2.16), while, arguing as in Lemma 2.2, we have Eq (2.6).

□

Lemma 2.4. Fix $T > 0$ . There exists a constant $C(T) > 0$ , independent of $\varepsilon$ , such that

$\begin{equation} \displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(s,\cdot)} \right\|^6_{L^6( \mathbb{R})}ds\le C(T), \end{equation}$

(2.17)

for every $0\le t\le T$ .

Proof. Let $0\le t\le T$ . We begin by observing that,

$\begin{equation} \displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^6 dx\le \left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^4_{L^{\infty}( \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation}$

(2.18)

Thanks to the Hölder inequality,

$\begin{align*} ( \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,x))^2 = &2\displaystyle {\int}_{-\infty}^{x} \partial_x u_\varepsilon \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon dy \le 2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert \partial_x u_\varepsilon\vert\vert \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon\vert dx\\ \le&2\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{align*}$

Hence,

$\begin{equation*} \left\| {u(t,\cdot)} \right\|^4_{L^{\infty}( \mathbb{R})}\le 4\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation*}$

It follows from Eq (2.18) that

$\begin{equation*} \displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^6 dx\le 4\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^4_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation*}$

Therefore, by Eq (2.5),

$\begin{equation*} \displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^6 dx\le C(T)\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation*}$

An integration on $(0, t)$ and Eq (2.5) gives (2.17). □

3. Proof of Theorem 1.1

This section is devoted to the proof of Theorem 1.1.

We begin by proving the following result.

Lemma 3.1. Fix $T > 0$ . Then,

$\begin{equation} {{the\ family\ }} \{ u_\varepsilon\}_{ \varepsilon > 0} {{ \ is\ compact\ in\ }} L^2_{loc}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R}) . \end{equation}$

(3.1)

Consequently, there exist a subsequence $\{ u_{\varepsilon_k} \}_{k\in \mathbb{N}}$ and $u\in L^2_{loc}((0, T)\times \mathbb{R})$ such that

$\begin{equation} u_{\varepsilon_k}\to u\ { in }\ L^2_{loc}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R}) {{\ and\ a.e.\ in\ }} (0,T)\times \mathbb{R} . \end{equation}$

(3.2)

Moreover, $u$ is a solution of Eq (1.1), satisfying Eq (1.8).

Proof. We begin by proving Eq (3.1). To prove Eq (3.1), we rely on the Aubin-Lions Lemma (see ^[5,21]). We recall that

$\begin{equation*} H^1_{loc}( \mathbb{R})\hookrightarrow\hookrightarrow L^2_{loc}( \mathbb{R})\hookrightarrow H^{-1}_{loc}( \mathbb{R}), \end{equation*}$

where the first inclusion is compact and the second one is continuous. Owing to the Aubin-Lions Lemma ^[21], to prove Eq (3.1), it suffices to show that

$\begin{align} & \{ u_\varepsilon\}_{ \varepsilon > 0} {\rm{\ is\ uniformly\ bounded\ in\ }} L^2(0,T;H^1_{loc}( \mathbb{R})) , \end{align}$

(3.3)

$\begin{align} & \{ \partial_t u_\varepsilon\}_{ \varepsilon > 0} {\rm{\ is\ uniformly\ bounded\ in\ }} L^2(0,T;H^{-1}_{loc}( \mathbb{R})) . \end{align}$

(3.4)

We prove Eq (3.3). Thanks to Lemmas 2.1–2.3,

$\begin{equation*} \left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{H^1( \mathbb{R})} = \left\| { u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\le C(T). \end{equation*}$

Therefore,

$\begin{equation*} \{ u_\varepsilon\}_{ \varepsilon > 0} {\rm{\ is\ uniformly\ bounded\ in }}\ L^{\infty}(0,T;H^{1}( \mathbb{R})) , \end{equation*}$

which gives Eq (3.3).

We prove Eq (3.4). Observe that, by Eq (2.1),

$\begin{equation*} \partial_t u_\varepsilon = - \partial_x\left( G( u_\varepsilon)\right)-f'( u_\varepsilon) \partial_x u_\varepsilon-\kappa u_\varepsilon -\gamma^2\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon, \end{equation*}$

where

$\begin{equation} G( u_\varepsilon) = \beta^2 \partial_x u_\varepsilon-\delta \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon- \varepsilon \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon. \end{equation}$

(3.5)

Since $0 < \varepsilon < 1$ , thanks to Eq (2.5), we have that

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &{\beta^2\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^2((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}},\, \delta^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^2 u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^2((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\le C(T),\\ & \varepsilon^2\left\| { \partial_{x}^3 u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^2((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\le C(T). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.6)

Therefore, by Eqs (3.5) and (3.6), we have that

$\begin{equation} \{ \partial_x\left(G( u_\varepsilon)\right)\}_{ \varepsilon > 0} \quad {\rm{\ is\ bounded\ in}}\ { L^2(0, T ; H^{-1}( \mathbb{R})) }. \end{equation}$

(3.7)

We claim that

$\begin{equation} \displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{T}\!\!\!\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}(f'( u_\varepsilon))^2( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2 dtdx\le C(T). \end{equation}$

(3.8)

Thanks to Eqs (2.4) and (2.5),

$\begin{equation*} \displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{T}\!\!\!\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}(f'( u_\varepsilon))^2( \partial_x u_\varepsilon)^2 dtdx\le \left\| {f'} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}(-C(T),C(T))}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{T}\left\| { \partial_x u_\varepsilon(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}dt\le C(T). \end{equation*}$

Moreover, thanks to Eq (2.3),

$\begin{equation} \vert\kappa\vert\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{T}\!\!\!\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( u_\varepsilon)^2 dx \le C(T). \end{equation}$

(3.9)

We have that

$\begin{equation} \gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^T\!\!\!\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}(\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon)^2 dsdx\le C(T). \end{equation}$

(3.10)

In fact, thanks to Eqs (2.3) and (2.4),

$\begin{align*} \gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^T\!\!\!\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}(\vert u_\varepsilon\vert u_\varepsilon)^2 dsdx\le& \gamma^2\left\| { u_\varepsilon} \right\|^2_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^T\!\!\!\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( u_\varepsilon)^2 dsdx\\ \le&C(T)\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^T\!\!\!\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}( u_\varepsilon)^2 dsdx\le C(T). \end{align*}$

Therefore, Eq (3.4) follows from Eqs (3.7)–(3.10).

Thanks to the Aubin-Lions Lemma, Eqs (3.1) and (3.2) hold.

Consequently, arguing as in [, Theorem 1.1], $u$ is solution of Eq (1.1) and, thanks to Lemmas 2.1–2.3 and Eqs (2.4), (1.8) holds. □

Proof of Theorem 1.1. Lemma 3.1 gives the existence of a solution of Eq (1.1).

We prove Eq (1.9). Let $u_1$ and $u_2$ be two solutions of Eq (1.1), which verify Eq (1.8), that is,

$\begin{align*} &\begin{cases} \partial_t u_i+ \partial_x f(u_i)-\beta^2 \partial_{x}^2 u_i+\delta \partial_{x}^3 u_i +\kappa u_i +\gamma^2\vert u_i\vert u_i = 0,&\quad 0 < t < T, \quad x\in \mathbb{R},\\ u_i(0,x) = u_{i,\,0}(x), &\quad x\in \mathbb{R}, \end{cases}\quad i = 1,2. \end{align*}$

Then, the function

$\begin{equation} \omega(t,x) = u_1(t,x)-u_2(t,x), \end{equation}$

(3.11)

is the solution of the following Cauchy problem:

$\begin{equation} \begin{cases} \partial_t\omega+ \partial_x\left( f(u_1)-f(u_2)\right)-\beta^2 \partial_{x}^2\omega+\delta \partial_{x}^2\omega \\ \qquad\qquad+\kappa\omega+\gamma^2\left(\vert u_1\vert u_1-\vert u_2\vert u_2\right) = 0, &\quad 0 < t < T, \quad x\in \mathbb{R},\\ \omega(0,x) = u_{1,\,0}(x)-u_{2,\,0}(x), &\quad x\in \mathbb{R}. \end{cases} \end{equation}$

(3.12)

Fixed $T > 0$ , since $u_1, \, u_2\in H^1(\mathbb{R})$ , for every $0\le t\le T$ , we have that

$\begin{equation} \left\| {u_1} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})},\, \left\| {u_2} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\le C(T). \end{equation}$

(3.13)

We define

$\begin{equation} g = \frac{f(u_1)-f(u_2)}{\omega} \end{equation}$

(3.14)

and observe that, by Eq (3.13), we have that

$\begin{equation} \vert g\vert\le \left\| {f'} \right\|_{L^{\infty}(-C(T),\,C(T))}\le C(T). \end{equation}$

(3.15)

Moreover, by Eq (3.11) we have that

$\begin{equation} \left\vert \vert u_1\vert-\vert u_2\vert\right\vert\le \vert u_1-u_2\vert = \vert\omega\vert. \end{equation}$

(3.16)

Observe that thanks to Eq (3.11),

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \vert u_1\vert u_1-\vert u_2\vert u_2 = &\vert u_1\vert u_1-\vert u_1\vert u_2 +\vert u_1\vert u_2 - \vert u_2\vert u_2\\ = &\vert u_1\vert\omega +u_2\left(\vert u_1\vert- \vert u_2\vert\right). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.17)

Thanks to Eqs (3.14) and (3.17), Equation (3.12) is equivalent to the following one:

$\begin{equation} \partial_t\omega+ \partial_x ({g}\omega) -\beta^2 \partial_{x}^2\omega+\delta \partial_{x}^3\omega+\kappa\omega+\gamma^2\vert u_1\vert\omega+\gamma^2 u_2\left(\vert u_1\vert- \vert u_2\vert\right) = 0. \end{equation}$

(3.18)

Multiplying Eq (3.18) by $2\omega$ , an integration on $\mathbb{R}$ gives

$\begin{align*} \frac{dt}{dt}&\left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} = 2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\omega \partial_t\omega\\ = &-2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\omega \partial_x ({g}\omega)dx+2\beta^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\omega \partial_{x}^2\omega dx-2\delta\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\omega \partial_{x}^3\omega dx \\ &-2\kappa\left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} -2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_1\vert\omega^2 dx -2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}u_2\left(\vert u_1\vert- \vert u_2\vert\right)\omega dx\\ & = 2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}{g}\omega \partial_x\omega dx -2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_x\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2\delta\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}} \partial_x\omega \partial_{x}^2\omega dx\\ &-2\kappa\left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} -2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_1\vert\omega^2 dx -2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}u_2\left(\vert u_1\vert- \vert u_2\vert\right)\omega dx\\ = & 2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}{g}\omega \partial_x\omega dx -2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_x\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}\\ & -2\kappa\left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}-2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_1\vert\omega^2 dx -2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}u_2\left(\vert u_1\vert- \vert u_2\vert\right)\omega dx. \end{align*}$

Therefore, we have that

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}&+2\beta^2\left\| { \partial_x\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_1\vert\omega^2 dx\\ = & 2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}{g}\omega \partial_x\omega dx -\kappa\left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} -2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}u_2\left(\vert u_1\vert- \vert u_2\vert\right)\omega dx. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.19)

Due to Eqs (3.13), (3.15) and (3.16) and the Young inequality,

$\begin{align*} &2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert {g}\vert\vert\omega\vert\vert \partial_x\omega\vert dx\le 2C(T)\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert\omega\vert\vert \partial_x\omega\vert dx\\ &\qquad = 2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left\vert\frac{C(T)\omega}{\beta}\right\vert\left\vert\beta \partial_x\omega\right\vert dx\le C(T)\left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})} +\beta^2\left\| { \partial_x\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})},\\ &2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_2\vert\left\vert\left(\vert u_1\vert- \vert u_2\vert\right)\right\vert\vert\omega\vert dx\le 2\gamma^2\left\| {u_2} \right\|_{L^{\infty}((0,T)\times \mathbb{R})}\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\left\vert\left(\vert u_1\vert- \vert u_2\vert\right)\right\vert\vert\omega\vert dx\\ &\qquad\le C(T)\left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{align*}$

It follows from Eq (3.19) that

$\begin{equation*} \left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+\beta^2\left\| { \partial_x\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}+2\gamma^2\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}\vert u_1\vert\omega^2 dx\le C(T)\left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{equation*}$

The Gronwall Lemma and Eq (3.12) give

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \left\| {\omega(t,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}&+\beta^2 e^{C(T)t}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}e^{-C(T)s}\left\| { \partial_x\omega(s,\cdot)} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}ds\\ &+2\gamma^2 e^{C(T)t}\displaystyle {\int}_{0}^{t}\!\!\!\displaystyle {\int}_{ \mathbb{R}}e^{-C(T)s}\vert u_1\vert\omega^2 dsdx\le e^{C(T)t}\left\| {\omega_0} \right\|^2_{L^2( \mathbb{R})}. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.20)

Equation (1.9) follows from Eqs (3.11) and (3.20). □

Author contributions

Giuseppe Maria Coclite and Lorenzo Di Ruvo equally contributed to the methodologies, typesetting, and the development of the paper.

Use of AI tools declaration

The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

Acknowledgments

Giuseppe Maria Coclite is an editorial boardmember for [Networks and Heterogeneous Media] and was not involved inthe editorial review or the decision to publish this article.

GMC is member of the Gruppo Nazionale per l'Analisi Matematica, la Probabilità e le loro Applicazioni (GNAMPA) of the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (INdAM). GMC has been partially supported by the Project funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4 -Call for tender No. 3138 of 16/12/2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union -NextGenerationEUoAward Number: CN000023, Concession Decree No. 1033 of 17/06/2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, CUP: D93C22000410001, Centro Nazionale per la Mobilità Sostenibile, the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research under the Programme Department of Excellence Legge 232/2016 (Grant No. CUP - D93C23000100001), and the Research Project of National Relevance "Evolution problems involving interacting scales" granted by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR Prin 2022, project code 2022M9BKBC, Grant No. CUP D53D23005880006). GMC expresses its gratitude to the HIAS - Hamburg Institute for Advanced Study for their warm hospitality.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation and is executed in the frame of the scientific theme of Institute of high-temperature electrochemistry UB RAS, number FUME-2022-0005, registration number 122020100205-5.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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