From the perspective of the Chinese market microstructure, we took Chinese A-share listed companies as samples to explore the impact and mechanism of stock liquidity on the quality of corporate environmental information disclosure (EID). Our results indicated that stock liquidity has a positive impact on the quality of corporate EID. Using the stock market interconnection events of the 2014 Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect and the 2016 Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect as a quasi-natural experiment and applying the Ⅳ approach, the research results remained robust after controlling for endogeneity issues. Moreover, both climate physical risk and climate transition risk positively regulated the relationship between stock liquidity and the quality of corporate EID. Further analysis revealed that the positive impact of stock liquidity on the quality of corporate EID is determined by the information effect path and governance effect path of stock liquidity, and the role of the information effect path is more important. In summary, stock liquidity has had an important feedback effect on Chinese companies' active EID behavior through two pathways: Information effect and governance effect.
Citation: Jinyu Chen, Junqi Liu, Meng He. The impact of stock liquidity on corporate environmental information disclosure: Does climate risk matter?[J]. Quantitative Finance and Economics, 2024, 8(4): 678-704. doi: 10.3934/QFE.2024026
From the perspective of the Chinese market microstructure, we took Chinese A-share listed companies as samples to explore the impact and mechanism of stock liquidity on the quality of corporate environmental information disclosure (EID). Our results indicated that stock liquidity has a positive impact on the quality of corporate EID. Using the stock market interconnection events of the 2014 Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect and the 2016 Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect as a quasi-natural experiment and applying the Ⅳ approach, the research results remained robust after controlling for endogeneity issues. Moreover, both climate physical risk and climate transition risk positively regulated the relationship between stock liquidity and the quality of corporate EID. Further analysis revealed that the positive impact of stock liquidity on the quality of corporate EID is determined by the information effect path and governance effect path of stock liquidity, and the role of the information effect path is more important. In summary, stock liquidity has had an important feedback effect on Chinese companies' active EID behavior through two pathways: Information effect and governance effect.
[1] | Akerman A, Leuven E, Mogstad M (2022) Information frictions, internet, and the relationship between distance and trade. Am Econ J Appl Econ 14: 133–163. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20190589 doi: 10.1257/app.20190589 |
[2] | Alok S, Kumar N, Wermers R (2020) Do fund managers misestimate climatic disaster risk. Rev Financ Stud 33: 1146–1183. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz143 doi: 10.1093/rfs/hhz143 |
[3] | Amihud Y (2002) Illiquidity and stock returns: Cross-section and time-series effects. J Financ Mark 5: 31–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-4181(01)00024-6 doi: 10.1016/S1386-4181(01)00024-6 |
[4] | Amihud Y, Levi S (2023) The effect of stock liquidity on the firm's investment and production. Rev Financ Stud 36: 1094–1147. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhac036 doi: 10.1093/rfs/hhac036 |
[5] | Baginski SP, Hassell JM, Hillison WA (2000) Voluntary causal disclosures: tendencies and capital market reaction. Rev Quant Finance Account 15: 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012002608615 doi: 10.1023/A:1012002608615 |
[6] | Banerjee S, Gatchev VA, Spindt PA (2007) Stock market liquidity and firm dividend policy. J Financ Quant Anal 42: 369–397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109000003318 doi: 10.1017/S0022109000003318 |
[7] | Bárcena-Ruiz JC, Sagasta A (2022) Environmental taxes when firms care about environmental corporate social responsibility. SSRN Electron J Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract = 4253520. |
[8] | Bebchuk L A, Cohen A, Hirst S (2017) The agency problems of institutional investors. J Econ Perspect 31: 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.3.89 doi: 10.1257/jep.31.3.89 |
[9] | Bebchuk LA, Fried JM (2003) Executive compensation as an agency problem. J Econ Perspect 17: 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003769204362 doi: 10.1257/089533003769204362 |
[10] | Ben-Nasr H, A Alshwer A (2016) Does stock price informativeness affect labor investment efficiency? J Corp Finance 38: 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.01.012 doi: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.01.012 |
[11] | Bennett B, Stulz R, Wang Z (2020) Does the stock market make firms more productive? J Financ Econ 136: 281–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.09.006 doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.09.006 |
[12] | Bolton P, Luiz M, Pereira A, et al. (2020) The green swan Central banking and financial stability in the age of climate change. Basel: Bank for International Settlements. Available from: https://www.bis.org/publ/othp31.pdf. |
[13] | Brogaard J, Li D, Xia Y (2017) Stock liquidity and default risk. J Financ Econ 124: 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2017.03.003 doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2017.03.003 |
[14] | Chang X, Chen Y, Zolotoy L (2017) Stock liquidity and stock price crash risk. J Financ Quant Anal 52: 1605–1637. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109017000473 doi: 10.1017/S0022109017000473 |
[15] | Chang X, Tan W, Yang E, et al. (2019) Stock Liquidity and Corporate Social Responsibility. SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3130572 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3130572 |
[16] | Chen Y, Rhee SG, Veeraraghavan M, et al. (2015) Stock liquidity and managerial short-termism. J Bank Financ 60: 44–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.07.007 doi: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.07.007 |
[17] | Chen M, Yang D, Zhang W, et al. (2023) How does ESG disclosure improve stock liquidity for enterprises—Empirical evidence from China. Environ Impact Assess Rev 98: 106926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106926 doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106926 |
[18] | Clarkson PM, Li Y, Richardson GD, et al. (2008) Revisiting the relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: An empirical analysis. Account Organ Soc 33: 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2007.05.003 doi: 10.1016/j.aos.2007.05.003 |
[19] | Datar VT, Naik NY, Radcliffe R (1998) Liquidity and stock returns: An alternative test. J Financ Mark 1: 203–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-4181(97)00004-9 doi: 10.1016/S1386-4181(97)00004-9 |
[20] | Dawkins CE, Fraas JW (2010) Beyond acclamations and excuses: environmental performance, voluntary environmental disclosure, and the role of visibility. J Bus Ethics 92: 655–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0149-2 doi: 10.1007/s10551-009-0149-2 |
[21] | Dou Y, Hope OK, Thomas WB, et al. (2018) Blockholder exit threats and financial reporting quality. Contemp Account Res 35: 1004–1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12404 doi: 10.1111/1911-3846.12404 |
[22] | Edmans A (2009) Blockholder trading, market efficiency, and managerial myopia. J Finance 64: 2481–2513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01508.x doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01508.x |
[23] | Edmans A, Fang VW, Zur E (2013) The effect of liquidity on governance. Rev Financ Stud 26: 1443–1482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01508.x doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01508.x |
[24] | Edmans A, Goldstein I, Jiang W (2012) The real effects of financial markets: The impact of prices on takeovers. J Finance 67: 933–971. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01738.x doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01738.x |
[25] | Ee MS, Hasan I, Huang H (2022) Stock liquidity and corporate labor investment. J Corp Finance 72: 102142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.102142 doi: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.102142 |
[26] | Egginton JF, McBrayer GA (2019) Does it pay to be forthcoming? Evidence from CSR disclosure and equity market liquidity. Corp Soc Resp Env Ma 26: 396–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1691 doi: 10.1002/csr.1691 |
[27] | Fan L, Yang K, Liu L (2020) New media environment, environmental information disclosure and firm valuation: Evidence from high-polluting enterprises in China. J Clean Prod 277: 123253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123253 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123253 |
[28] | Fang VW, Tian X, Tice S (2014) Does stock liquidity enhance or impede firm innovation? J Finance 69: 2085–2125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12187 doi: 10.1111/jofi.12187 |
[29] | Firth M, Gao J, Shen J, et al. (2016) Institutional stock ownership and firms' cash dividend policies: Evidence from China. J Bank Finance 65: 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.01.009 doi: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.01.009 |
[30] | Gambhir A, George M, McJeon H, et al. (2022) Near-term transition and longer-term physical climate risks of greenhouse gas emissions pathways. Nat Clim Change 12: 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01236-x doi: 10.1038/s41558-021-01236-x |
[31] | Giannarakis G, Andronikidis A, Sariannidis N (2020) Determinants of environmental disclosure: investigating new and conventional corporate governance characteristics. Ann Oper Res 294: 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-019-03323-x doi: 10.1007/s10479-019-03323-x |
[32] | Harford J (2005) What drives merger waves? J Financ Econ 77: 529–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.05.004 doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.05.004 |
[33] | He F, Feng Y, Hao J (2023) Corporate ESG rating and stock market liquidity: Evidence from China. Econ Model 129: 106511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106511 doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106511 |
[34] | Hope OK, Liu J (2023) Does stock liquidity shape voluntary disclosure? Evidence from the SEC tick size pilot program. Rev Account Stud 28: 2233–2270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-022-09686-0 doi: 10.1007/s11142-022-09686-0 |
[35] | Huynh TD, Xia Y (2021) Climate change news risk and corporate bond returns. J Financ Quant Anal 56: 1985–2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109020000757 doi: 10.1017/S0022109020000757 |
[36] | Huynh TD, Xia Y (2023) Panic selling when disaster strikes: Evidence in the bond and stock markets. Manage Sci 69: 7448–7467. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4018 doi: 10.1287/mnsc.2021.4018 |
[37] | Jagannathan R, Ravikumar A, Sammon M (2018) Environmental, social, and governance criteria: why investors should care. J Invest Manag 16: 18–31. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24063 doi: 10.3386/w24063 |
[38] | Jiang F, Ma Y, Shi B (2017) Stock liquidity and dividend payouts. J Corp Finance 42: 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.12.005 doi: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.12.005 |
[39] | Jiang X, Zhang X, Xia Y (2023) Peer effect on low-carbon practices of firms along the value chain: Evidence from China. Energy Econ 127: 107102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107102 doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107102 |
[40] | Khosroshahi H, Azad N, Jabbarzadeh A, et al. (2021) Investigating the level and quality of the information in the environmental disclosure report of a corporation considering government intervention. Int J Prod Econ 235: 108071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108071 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108071 |
[41] | Krueger P, Sautner Z, Starks LT (2020) The importance of climate risks for institutional investors. Rev Financ Stud 33: 1067–1111. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz137 doi: 10.1093/rfs/hhz137 |
[42] | Lang M, Lins KV, Maffett M (2012) Transparency, liquidity, and valuation: international evidence on when transparency matters most. J Account Res 50: 729–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2012.00442.x doi: 10.1111/j.1475-679X.2012.00442.x |
[43] | Lei Q, Lin B, Wei M (2013) Types of agency cost, corporate governance and liquidity. J Account Public Policy 32: 147–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2013.02.008 doi: 10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2013.02.008 |
[44] | Lewis BW, Walls JL, Dowell GWS (2014) Difference in degrees: CEO characteristics and firm environmental disclosure. Strateg Manag J 35: 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2127 doi: 10.1002/smj.2127 |
[45] | Li D, Huang M, Ren S, et al. (2018) Environmental legitimacy, green innovation, and corporate carbon disclosure: Evidence from CDP China 100. J Bus Ethics 150: 1089–1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3187-6 doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3187-6 |
[46] | Li Q, Wang S, He Z, et al. (2023) Does stock market index adjustment affect environmental information disclosure? Evidence from China. Int Rev Financ Anal 87: 102628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102628 doi: 10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102628 |
[47] | Li R, Ramanathan R (2018) Exploring the relationships between different types of environmental regulations and environmental performance: Evidence from China. J Clean Prod 196: 1329–1340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.132 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.132 |
[48] | Li S, Pan Z (2022) Climate transition risk and bank performance: Evidence from China. J Environ Manage 323: 116275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116275 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116275 |
[49] | Li Y, Zhang X, Yao T, et al. (2021) The developing trends and driving factors of environmental information disclosure in China. J Environ Manage 288: 112386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112386 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112386 |
[50] | Li Z, Lin W, Zhou S (2024) The effect of mandatory CSR disclosure on stock liquidity. China Econ Rev 102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2024.102232 doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2024.102232 |
[51] | Lin B, Li M (2023) Emerging industry development and information transmission in financial markets: Evidence from China's renewable energy. Energy Econ 128: 107192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107192 doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107192 |
[52] | Liu G, Guo L (2023) How does mandatory environmental regulation affect corporate environmental information disclosure quality. Finance Res Lett, 103702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.103702 doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2023.103702 |
[53] | Lyon TP, Montgomery AW (2013) Tweet jacked: The impact of social media on corporate greenwash. J Bus Ethics 118: 747–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1958-x doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-1958-x |
[54] | Matsumura EM, Prakash R, Vera-Muñoz SC (2014) Firm-Value effects of carbon emissions and carbon disclosures. Account Rev 89: 695–724. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50629 doi: 10.2308/accr-50629 |
[55] | Maug E (1998) Large shareholders as monitors: Is there a trade-off between liquidity and control? J Finance 53: 65–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.35053 doi: 10.1111/0022-1082.35053 |
[56] | Mbanyele W, Muchenje LT (2022) Climate change exposure, risk management and corporate social responsibility: Cross-country evidence. J Multinatl Financ Manag 66: 100771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2022.100771 doi: 10.1016/j.mulfin.2022.100771 |
[57] | Meng J, Zhang Z (2022) Corporate environmental information disclosure and investor response: Evidence from China's capital market. Energy Econ 108: 105886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105886 doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105886 |
[58] | Meng XH, Zeng SX, Leung AWT, et al. (2015) Relationship between top executives' characteristics and corporate environmental responsibility: Evidence from China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J 21: 466–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2014.926201 doi: 10.1080/10807039.2014.926201 |
[59] | Moroney R, Windsor C, Aw YT (2012) Evidence of assurance enhancing the quality of voluntary environmental disclosures: an empirical analysis. Account Finance 52: 903–939. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629X.2011.00413.x doi: 10.1111/j.1467-629X.2011.00413.x |
[60] | Nian R, Gu N (2022) Stock liquidity and corporate social responsibility. J Manage Sci Eng 25: 89–108 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.19920/j.cnki.jmsc.2022.05.007 doi: 10.19920/j.cnki.jmsc.2022.05.007 |
[61] | Norli Ø, Ostergaard C, Schindele I (2015) Liquidity and shareholder activism. Rev Financ Stud 28: 486–520. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhu070 doi: 10.1093/rfs/hhu070 |
[62] | Nyborg KG, Wang Z (2021) The effect of stock liquidity on cash holdings: The repurchase motive. J Financ Econ 142: 905–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.05.027 doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.05.027 |
[63] | Painter M (2020) An inconvenient cost: The effects of climate change on municipal bonds. J Financ Econ 135: 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.06.006 doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.06.006 |
[64] | Pan L, Yao S (2021) Does central environmental protection inspection enhance firms' environmental disclosure? Evidence from China. Growth Change 52: 1732–1760. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12517 doi: 10.1111/grow.12517 |
[65] | Platikanova P (2008) Long-term price effect of S & P 500 addition and earnings quality. Financ Anal J 64: 62–76. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v64.n5.7 doi: 10.2469/faj.v64.n5.7 |
[66] | Rupley KH, Brown D, Marshall RS (2012) Governance, media and the quality of environmental disclosure. J Account Public Policy 31: 610–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2012.09.002 doi: 10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2012.09.002 |
[67] | Seroka-Stolka O, Fijorek K (2020) Enhancing corporate sustainable development: Proactive environmental strategy, stakeholder pressure and the regulatory effect of firm size. Bus Strategy Environ 29: 2338–2354. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2506 doi: 10.1002/bse.2506 |
[68] | Sha Y, Zhang P, Wang Y, et al. (2022) Capital market opening and green innovation——Evidence from Shanghai-Hong Kong stock connect and the Shenzhen-Hong Kong stock connect. Energy Econ 111: 106048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106048 doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106048 |
[69] | Shahab Y, Ntim CG, Chen Y, et al. (2020) Chief executive officer attributes, sustainable performance, environmental performance, and environmental reporting: New insights from upper echelons perspective. Bus Strategy Environ 29: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2345 doi: 10.1002/bse.2345 |
[70] | Shang C (2020) Trade credit and stock liquidity. J Corp Finance 62: 101586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101586 doi: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101586 |
[71] | Stroebel J, Wurgler J (2021) What do you think about climate finance? J Financ Econ 142: 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.08.004 doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.08.004 |
[72] | Wang C, Wu Y, Hsieh H, et al. (2022) Does green bond issuance have an impact on climate risk concerns? Energy Econ 111: 106066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106066 doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106066 |
[73] | Wang M, Lee M, Chuang J (2016) Relations among audit committee establishment, information transparency and earnings quality: Evidence from simultaneous equation models. Qual Quant 50: 2417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0269-y doi: 10.1007/s11135-015-0269-y |
[74] | Wu C, Xiong X, Gao Y, et al. (2022) Does social media coverage deter firms from withholding bad news? Evidence from stock price crash risk. Int Rev Financ Anal 84: 102397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102397 doi: 10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102397 |
[75] | Zeng H, Ren L, Chen X, et al. (2024) Punishment or deterrence? Environmental justice construction and corporate equity financing––Evidence from environmental courts. J Corp Finance 86: 102583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2024.102583 doi: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2024.102583 |
[76] | Zhang B, Wang Y, Sun C (2023) Urban environmental legislation and corporate environmental performance: End governance or process control? Energy Econ 118: 106494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106494 doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106494 |
[77] | Zhang C (2017) Political connections and corporate environmental responsibility: Adopting or escaping? Energy Econ 68: 539–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.10.036 doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2017.10.036 |
[78] | Zhang J, Yang Y (2023) Can environmental disclosure improve price efficiency? The perspective of price delay. Financ Res Lett 52: 103556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103556 doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2022.103556 |
[79] | Zhang SY (2022) Are investors sensitive to climate-related transition and physical risks? Evidence from global stock markets. Res Int Bus Finance 62: 101710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101710 doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101710 |
[80] | Zhang T, Xu Z (2023) The informational feedback effect of stock prices on corporate investments: A comparison of new energy firms and traditional energy firms in China. Energy Econ 127: 107086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107086 doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107086 |
[81] | Zhu S, Jiang X, Ke X, et al. (2017) Stock index adjustments, analyst coverage and institutional holdings: Evidence from China. China J Account Res 10: 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2016.12.005 doi: 10.1016/j.cjar.2016.12.005 |