Research article

Centralized vs. decentralized ledgers in the money supply process: a SWOT analysis

  • Received: 25 October 2020 Accepted: 13 January 2021 Published: 18 January 2021
  • JEL Codes: E42, G21, G23

  • This study aims to better understand the role of centralized and decentralized ledgers in the money supply process. The aim is to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of these tools in the context of finance and banking. A thorough investigation of the prior literature was carried out using sources extracted from various academic databases. A SWOT analysis based on an integrative literature review methodology was conducted to synthesize various research contributions and analyze relevant information related to centralized and decentralized ledgers. The findings reveal that centralized ledgers are still critical in the record-keeping of financial transactions, despite the strengths and opportunities of decentralized ledgers outweighing those of centralized ledgers. This study helps to increase the understanding of financial and banking sector managers concerning the importance of decentralized ledgers in delivering more value to customers.

    Citation: Abderahman Rejeb, Karim Rejeb, John G. Keogh. Centralized vs. decentralized ledgers in the money supply process: a SWOT analysis[J]. Quantitative Finance and Economics, 2021, 5(1): 40-66. doi: 10.3934/QFE.2021003

    Related Papers:

  • This study aims to better understand the role of centralized and decentralized ledgers in the money supply process. The aim is to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of these tools in the context of finance and banking. A thorough investigation of the prior literature was carried out using sources extracted from various academic databases. A SWOT analysis based on an integrative literature review methodology was conducted to synthesize various research contributions and analyze relevant information related to centralized and decentralized ledgers. The findings reveal that centralized ledgers are still critical in the record-keeping of financial transactions, despite the strengths and opportunities of decentralized ledgers outweighing those of centralized ledgers. This study helps to increase the understanding of financial and banking sector managers concerning the importance of decentralized ledgers in delivering more value to customers.



    加载中


    [1] Abadi J, Brunnermeier M (2018) Blockchain Economics. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. 25407. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3386/w25407.
    [2] Adams B, Tomko M (2018) A Critical Look at Cryptogovernance of the Real World: Challenges for Spatial Representation and Uncertainty on the Blockchain (Short Paper), In: S. Winter A, Griffin, & M. Sester (Eds.), 10th International Conference on Geographic Information Science (GIScience 2018), Dagstuhl, Germany: Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 18: 1-6.
    [3] Ainsworth RT, Magauran B (2018) Taxing & Zapping Marijuana: Blockchain Compliance in the Trump Administration Part 3, SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 3239977, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3239977.
    [4] Allen DWE, Berg A, Berg C, et al. (2019) Some economic consequences of the GDPR, C/O John Conley, Department of Economics, 414 Calhoun Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA: Economics Bulletin.
    [5] Alqaryouti O, Siyam N, Alkashri Z, et al. (2020) Users' Knowledge and Motivation on Using Cryptocurrency, In: M. Themistocleous & M. Papadaki (Eds.), Information Systems, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 113-122.
    [6] Ammous SH (2016) Blockchain Technology: What is it Good for? SSRN Electron J. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2832751.
    [7] Andersson K, Styf A (2020) Blockchain Technology and Volatility of Stock Returns: A Quantitative Study that Examines Blockchain Technology's Impact on Volatility in Swedish Stocks. Master Thesis, Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå School of Business and Economics (USBE), Business Administration, Sweden.
    [8] Arjani N (2007) Management of Foreign Exchange Settlement Risk at Canadian Banks. Financ Syst Rev 8: 71-78.
    [9] Arslan O, Er ID (2008) SWOT analysis for safer carriage of bulk liquid chemicals in tankers. J Hazard Mater 154: 901-913. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.113
    [10] Athanassiou P (2017) Impact of Digital Innovation on the Processing of Electronic Payments and Contracting: An Overview of Legal Risks. SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 3067222, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
    [11] Avouyi-Dovi S, Neto D (2004) Equity market interdependence: The relationship between European and US stock markets. Financ Stab Rev 4: 108-126.
    [12] Azgad-Tromer S (2018) Crypto Securities: On the Risks of Investments in Blockchain-Based Assets and the Dilemmas of Securities Regulation. Am Univ Law Rev 68: 69.
    [13] Bech ML, Garratt R (2017) Central Bank Cryptocurrencies. SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 3041906. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3041906.
    [14] Ben Dhaou SI, Rohman IK (2018) Everything and its opposite: Socio-economic implications of Blockchain technology: Case of monetary policy. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, Galway, Ireland: Association for Computing Machinery, 631-639. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1145/3209415.3209502.
    [15] Bogucki B (2017) Buying Votes in the 21st Century: The Potential Use of Bitcoins and Blockchain Technology in Electronic Voting Reform. Asper Rev Int Bus Trade Law 17: 59.
    [16] Borah MD, Naik VB, Patgiri R, et al. (2020) Supply Chain Management in Agriculture Using Blockchain and IoT, In: S. Kim & G. C. Deka (Eds.), Advanced Applications of Blockchain Technology, Singapore: Springer, 227-242.
    [17] Brandon D (2016) The Blockchain: The Future of Business Information Systems? Int J Acad Bus World 10: 33-40.
    [18] Braun V, Clarke V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 3: 77-101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
    [19] Burley RF (2018) Stable and decentralized? The promise and challenge of a shared citation ledger. Inf Serv Use 38: 141-148. doi: 10.3233/ISU-180017
    [20] Camera G (2017) A Perspective on Electronic Alternatives to Traditional Currencies, SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 2902721, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2902721.
    [21] Cappa F, Pinelli M (2020) Collecting money through blockchain technologies: First insights on the determinants of the return on Initial Coin Offerings. Inf Technol Dev, 1-18. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2020.1801564
    [22] Casey MJ, Vigna P (2018) In blockchain we trust. MIT Technol Rev 121:10-16.
    [23] Catalinz C, Gans JS (2016) Some Simple Economics of the Blockchain. Commun ACM 63: 80-90. doi: 10.1145/3359552
    [24] Cermeño JS (2016) Blockchain in financial services: Regulatory landscape and future challenges for its commercial application. BBVA Res Pap 16: 20.
    [25] Cha SC, Yeh KH (2018) An ISO/IEC 15408-2 Compliant Security Auditing System with Blockchain Technology. 2018 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS), 1-2.
    [26] Chandra GR, Liaqat IA, Sharma B (2019) Blockchain Redefining: The Halal Food Sector. 2019 Amity International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AICAI), 349-354.
    [27] Chen CJ (2019) Developing a model for supply chain agility and innovativeness to enhance firms' competitive advantage. Manage Decis 57: 1511-1534. doi: 10.1108/MD-12-2017-1236
    [28] Chen J, Zhang X, Shangguan P (2020) Improved PBFT Algorithm Based on Reputation and Voting Mechanism. J Phys 1486: 032023.
    [29] Chen Y, Chou JS (2015) On the Privacy of "User Efficient Recoverable Off-Line E-Cash Scheme with Fast Anonymity Revoking". IJ Network Secur 17: 708-711.
    [30] Chen Y, Bellavitis C (2020) Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: The rise of decentralized business models. J Bus Ventur Insights 13: e00151. doi: 10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151
    [31] Chuen DLK, Guo L, Wang Y (2017) Cryptocurrency: A New Investment Opportunity? J Alternative Invest 20: 16-40. doi: 10.3905/jai.2018.20.3.016
    [32] Clohessy T, Acton T (2019) Investigating the influence of organizational factors on blockchain adoption: An innovation theory perspective. Ind Manage Data Syst 119: 1457-1491. doi: 10.1108/IMDS-08-2018-0365
    [33] Clohessy T, Acton T, Rogers N (2019) Blockchain Adoption: Technological, Organisational and Environmental Considerations, In: H. Treiblmaier & R. Beck (Eds.), Business Transformation through Blockchain: Volume I, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 47-76.
    [34] Coinmap (2020) Crypto ATMs & merchants of the world Coinmap.org. Available from: https://coinmap.org/.
    [35] Cointelegraph (2020) Where To Issue ICO Tokens: Platforms Review. Available from: https://cointelegraph.com/ico-101/where-to-issue-ico-tokens-platforms-review.
    [36] Cole R, Stevenson M, Aitken J (2019) Blockchain technology: Implications for operations and supply chain management. Supply Chain Manage Int J 24: 469-483. doi: 10.1108/SCM-09-2018-0309
    [37] Collomb A, Sok K (2016) Blockchain/distributed ledger technology (DLT): What impact on the financial sector? Digiworld Econ J 103: 93.
    [38] Compañó R, Bock AK, Burgelman JC, et al. (2006) Converging applications for active ageing policy. Foresight 8: 30-42. doi: 10.1108/14636680610656165
    [39] Corradini I (2020) The Digital Landscape, In: I. Corradini (Ed.), Building a Cybersecurity Culture in Organizations: How to Bridge the Gap Between People and Digital Technology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 1-22.
    [40] Crosby M, Pattanayak P, Verma S, et al. (2016) Blockchain technology: Beyond bitcoin. Appl Innovation 2: 71.
    [41] Cumming DJ, Johan S, Pant A (2019) Regulation of the Crypto-Economy: Managing Risks, Challenges, and Regulatory Uncertainty. J Risk Financ Manage 12: 126. doi: 10.3390/jrfm12030126
    [42] Dai F, Shi Y, Meng N, et al. (2017) From Bitcoin to cybersecurity: A comparative study of blockchain application and security issues. 2017 4th International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI), 975-979. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSAI.2017.8248427.
    [43] Davis J, Mengersen K, Bennett S, et al. (2014) Viewing systematic reviews and meta-analysis in social research through different lenses. SpringerPlus 3: 511. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-511
    [44] Del Río CA (2017) Use of distributed ledger technology by central banks: A review. Enfoque UTE 8: 1-13.
    [45] Dolenc D, Turk J, Pustišek M (2020) Distributed Ledger Technologies for IoT and Business DApps. 2020 International Conference on Broadband Communications for Next Generation Networks and Multimedia Applications (CoBCom), 1-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/CoBCom49975.2020.9174188.
    [46] Donovan AP (2018) (Shadow) banking on the blockchain: Permissioned ledgers, interoperability and common standards, Research Handbook on Shadow Banking. Available from: https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781785362620/9781785362620.00020.xml.
    [47] Drašković T (2018) Blockchain at the European Level. Available from: https://dspace.cuni.cz/handle/20.500.11956/102359.
    [48] Drescher D (2017) Documenting Ownership, In: D. Drescher (Ed.), Blockchain Basics: A Non-Technical Introduction in 25 Steps, Berkeley, CA: Apress, 63-69. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2604-9_9.
    [49] Duan J, Zhang C, Gong Y, et al. (2020) A Content-Analysis Based Literature Review in Blockchain Adoption within Food Supply Chain. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17: 1784. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051784
    [50] Duke A (2019) What Does the CISG Have to Say about Smart Contracts: A Legal Analysis. Chicago J Int Law 20: 141.
    [51] Erceg A, Damoska Sekuloska J, Kelić I (2020) Blockchain in the Tourism Industry-A Review of the Situation in Croatia and Macedonia. Informatics 7: 5. doi: 10.3390/informatics7010005
    [52] Erhardt KD (2017) Bismuth: A blockchain-based program for verifying responsible data usage, Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Available from: https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/119629.
    [53] Fan C, Ghaemi S, Khazaei H, et al. (2020) Performance Evaluation of Blockchain Systems: A Systematic Survey. IEEE Access 8: 126927-126950. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3006078
    [54] Fasolato F, Raggio M (2018) ICO or crowdfunding? An empirical analysis of fundraising strategies[Laurea Magistrale/Specialistica]. Available from: https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/145025.
    [55] Fernández-Caramés TM, Fraga-Lamas P (2019) A Review on the Application of Blockchain for the Next Generation of Cybersecure Industry 4.0 Smart Factories. arXiv: 1902.09604[Cs]. Available from: http://arXiv.org/abs/1902.09604.
    [56] Foley S, Karlsen JR, Putniņš TJ (2019) Sex, Drugs, and Bitcoin: How Much Illegal Activity Is Financed through Cryptocurrencies? Rev Financ Stud 32: 1798-1853. doi: 10.1093/rfs/hhz015
    [57] Fosso Wamba S, Kamdjoug K, Robert J, et al. (2020) Bitcoin, Blockchain, and FinTech: A Systematic Review and Case Studies in the Supply Chain. Prod Plann Control 31: 115-142. doi: 10.1080/09537287.2019.1631460
    [58] Frehe V, Mehmann J, Teuteberg F (2017) Understanding and assessing crowd logistics business models-using everyday people for last mile delivery. J Bus Ind Mark 32: 75-97. doi: 10.1108/JBIM-10-2015-0182
    [59] Freire J, Koop D, Santos E, et al. (2008) Provenance for computational tasks: A survey. Comput Sci Eng 10: 11-21. doi: 10.1109/MCSE.2008.79
    [60] Ganne E (2018) Can Blockchain revolutionize international trade? World Trade Organization.
    [61] Goodhart C (2011) The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision: A History of the Early Years 1974-1997, Cambridge University Press.
    [62] Green S (2018) Decentralized Agriculture: Applying Blockchain Technology in Agri-Food Markets. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.11575/PRISM/34952.
    [63] Gyamerah SA (2019) Modelling the volatility of Bitcoin returns using GARCH models. Quant Financ Econ 3: 739-753. doi: 10.3934/QFE.2019.4.739
    [64] Hackius N, Petersen M (2017) Blockchain in Logistics and Supply Chain: Trick or Treat? Digitalization in Supply Chain Management and Logistics: Proceedings of Hamburg International Conference of Logistics, 3-18.
    [65] Hackius N, Petersen M (2020) Translating High Hopes Into Tangible Benefits: How Incumbents in Supply Chain and Logistics Approach Blockchain. IEEE Access 8: 34993-35003. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2974622
    [66] Härdle WK, Harvey CR, Reule RCG (2020) Understanding Cryptocurrencies. J Financ Econometrics 18: 181-208. doi: 10.1093/jjfinec/nbz033
    [67] Hautsch N, Scheuch C, Voigt S (2020) Building Trust Takes Time: Limits to Arbitrage in Blockchain-Based Markets. arXiv: 1812.00595[q-Fin]. Available from: http://arXiv.org/abs/1812.00595.
    [68] Healy NS, Christiansen EN (2016) Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Finance: Year-in-Review 2015. Int Lawyer 50: 423.
    [69] Hellani H, Samhat AE, Chamoun M, et al. (2018) On BlockChain Technology: Overview of Bitcoin and Future Insights. 2018 IEEE International Multidisciplinary Conference on Engineering Technology (IMCET), 1-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/IMCET.2018.8603029.
    [70] Helms MM, Nixon J (2010) Exploring SWOT analysis-where are we now? A review of academic research from the last decade. J Strategy Manage 3: 215-251. doi: 10.1108/17554251011064837
    [71] Hileman G, Rauchs M (2017) Global blockchain benchmarking study. Available from: https://j2-capital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GLOBAL-BLOCKCHAIN.pdf.
    [72] Hsieh YY, Vergne JP, Anderson P, et al. (2018) Bitcoin and the rise of decentralized autonomous organizations. J Organ Design 7: 14. doi: 10.1186/s41469-018-0038-1
    [73] Huang DY (2013) Profit-driven abuses of virtual currencies. Univ California, San Diego, 14.
    [74] Hughes A, Park A, Kietzmann J, et al. (2019) Beyond Bitcoin: What blockchain and distributed ledger technologies mean for firms. Bus Horiz 62: 273-281. doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.002
    [75] Hughes S, Middlebrook S (2014) Regulating Cryptocurrencies in the United States: Current Issues and Future Directions. William Mitchell Law Rev 40: 814-848.
    [76] Iansiti M, Lakhani KR (2017) The truth about blockchain. Harv Bus Rev 95: 118-127.
    [77] Inghirami IE (2019) AIS in the Time of Blockchain.Living Digital Ecosyst Technol Organ Human Agency, 122-136.
    [78] Inghirami L (2019a) Accounting Information Systems: The Scope of Blockchain Accounting. ITAIS and MCIS 2019: A Joint Event: The 13th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems and the 16th Conference of the Italian Chapter of AIS, 1-13. Italy. Available from: https://boa.unimib.it/handle/10281/250204.
    [79] Iqbal M, Matulevičius R (2019) Comparison of Blockchain-Based Solutions to Mitigate Data Tampering Security Risk, In: C. Di Ciccio, R. Gabryelczyk, L. García-Bañuelos, T. Hernaus, R. Hull, M. Indihar Štemberger, … M. Staples (Eds.), Business Process Management: Blockchain and Central and Eastern Europe Forum, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 13-28.
    [80] Jia K, Zhang F (2017) Between liberalization and prohibition: Prudent enthusiasm and the governance of Bitcoin/blockchain technology, In: Bitcoin and Beyond (Open Access), Routledge, 88-108.
    [81] Johnstone M (2018) Catch Me If You Can: Resolving Bitcoin Disputes with Class Actions. Can Class Action Rev 15: 45-73.
    [82] Joo J, Park J, Han Y (2021) Applications of Blockchain and Smart Contract for Sustainable Tourism Ecosystems, In: V. Suma, N. Bouhmala, & H. Wang (Eds.), Evolutionary Computing and Mobile Sustainable Networks, Singapore: Springer, 773-780.
    [83] Joshi AP, Han, M, Wang Y (2018) A survey on security and privacy issues of blockchain technology. Math Found Computing 1: 121. doi: 10.3934/mfc.2018007
    [84] Kamble SS, Gunasekaran A, Sharma R (2019) Modeling the blockchain enabled traceability in agriculture supply chain. Int J Inf Manage.[In press].
    [85] Kamilaris A, Fonts A, Prenafeta-Boldύ FX (2019) The rise of blockchain technology in agriculture and food supply chains. Trends Food Sci Technol 91: 640-652. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.034
    [86] Keogh JG, Dube L, Rejeb A, et al. (2020a) The Future Food Chain: Digitization as an Enabler of Society 5.0, In: D. Detwiler (Ed.), Building the Future of Food Safety Technology (1st Edition), London, Oxford, UK; San Diego, Cambridge, USA: Elsevier.
    [87] Keogh JG, Rejeb A, Khan N, et al. (2020b) Blockchain and GS1 Standards in the Food Chain: A Review of the Possibilities and Challenges, In: D. Detwiler (Ed.), Building the Future of Food Safety Technology (1st Edition), London, Oxford, UK; San Diego, Cambridge, USA: Elsevier.
    [88] Khatoon A (2020) A Blockchain-Based Smart Contract System for Healthcare Management. Electronics 9: 94. doi: 10.3390/electronics9010094
    [89] Khatri JK, Metri B (2016) SWOT-AHP Approach for Sustainable Manufacturing Strategy Selection: A Case of Indian SME. Global Bus Rev 17: 1211-1226. doi: 10.1177/0972150916656693
    [90] Kokkola T (2011) The payment system: Payments, securities and derivatives, and the role of the Eurosystem, European Central Bank.
    [91] Korea JoongAng Daily (2020)[Korea and the fourth industrial revolution < 10-2 Finance > ] The blockchain promises to be the ledger for all ledgers. Available from: http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3035044.
    [92] Kropotkin P (1970) Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings, ed. R. Baldwin (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2005), 265.
    [93] Kuschpèta O (1978) The birth of the banking and credit system of the USSR, In: O. Kuschpèta (Ed.), The banking and credit system of the USSR, Boston, MA: Springer US, 23-47.
    [94] Lacity MC (2018) Addressing key challenges to making enterprise blockchain applications a reality. MIS Q Exec 17: 201-222.
    [95] Lafarre A, Elst CV der (2018) Legal tech and blockchain for corporate governance and shareholders. Research Handbook in Data Science and Law. Available from: https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788111294/9781788111294.00015.xml,
    [96] Laroiya C, Saxena D, Komalavalli C (2020) Chapter 9-Applications of Blockchain Technology, In: S. Krishnan, V. E. Balas, E. G. Julie, Y. H. Robinson, S. Balaji, & R. Kumar (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Blockchain Technology, Academic Press, 213-243.
    [97] Leal F, Malheiro B, Veloso B, et al. (2020) Responsible processing of crowdsourced tourism data. J Sust Tourism, 1-21.
    [98] Learned EP (1969) Business Policy: Text and Cases, R. D. Irwin.
    [99] Lemma V (2020a) Fintech and Market-Based Financing, In: V. Lemma (Ed.), FinTech Regulation: Exploring New Challenges of the Capital Markets Union, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 77-141.
    [100] Lemma V (2020b) FinTech Regulation, In: Springer Books, Springer.
    [101] Lewis AN, Regan AC (2020) Enabling Paratransit and TNC Services with Blockchain Based Smart Contracts, In: K. Arai, S. Kapoor, & R. Bhatia (Eds.), Intelligent Computing, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 471-481.
    [102] Liang X, Shetty S, Tosh D, et al. (2017) ProvChain: A Blockchain-based Data Provenance Architecture in Cloud Environment with Enhanced Privacy and Availability. Proceedings of the 17th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing, Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE Press, 468-477. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCGRID.2017.8.
    [103] Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. (2009) The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epid 62:e1-e34. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006
    [104] Liu KH, Chang SF, Huang WH, et al. (2019) The Framework of the Integration of Carbon Footprint and Blockchain: Using Blockchain as a Carbon Emission Management Tool, In: A. H. Hu, M. Matsumoto, T. C. Kuo, & S. Smith (Eds.), Technologies and Eco-innovation towards Sustainability I: Eco Design of Products and Services, Singapore: Springer, 15-22.
    [105] Mainelli M, Smith M (2015) Sharing ledgers for sharing economies: An exploration of mutual distributed ledgers (aka blockchain technology). J Financ Perspect 3.
    [106] Malhotra J, Jadhav NN, Sachdeo-Bedi R, et al. (2020) Redefining Trust and Disinter-Mediation With Blockchain in E-Governance, In: I. Willliams (Ed.), Cross-Industry Use of Blockchain Technology and Opportunities for the Future, IGI Global, 18-38.
    [107] Mao M, Xiao H (2018) Blockchain-based Technology for Industrial Control System CyperSecurity. Atlantis Press, 903-907. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2991/ncce-18.2018.151.
    [108] Marks J (2019) Distributed Ledger Technologies and Corruption. Sci Technol Law Rev 20.
    [109] Markus I, Xu L, Subhod I, et al. (2019) DAcc: Decentralized Ledger based Access Control for Enterprise Applications. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), 345-351. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/BLOC.2019.8751479.
    [110] McMillan J (2014) The End of Banking: Money, Credit, and the Digital Revolution, a Trouver.
    [111] Milutinovic M, He W, Wu H, et al. (2016) Proof of Luck: An Efficient Blockchain Consensus Protocol. Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on System Software for Trusted Execution, Trento, Italy: Association for Computing Machinery, 1-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1145/3007788.3007790.
    [112] Minn KT (2019) Towards Enhanced Oversight of "Self-Governing" Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: Case Study of the DAO and Its Shortcomings. J Intellect Prop Entertrainment Law 9: 139.
    [113] Mohamed H (2020) Implementing a Central Bank Issued Digital Currency with Economic Implications Considerations. Int J Islamic Econ Financ (IJIEF) 3: 51-74.
    [114] Molina JC, Delgado DT, Tarazona G (2019) Using Blockchain for Traceability in the Drug Supply Chain, In: L. Uden, I.-H. Ting, & J. M. Corchado (Eds.), Knowl Manage Organ, Springer International Publishing, 536-548.
    [115] Momtaz PP (2019) The Pricing and Performance of Cryptocurrency. Eur J Financ, 1-14.
    [116] Morgan JS (2017) What I Learned Trading Cryptocurrencies While Studying the Law. Univ Miami Int Comp Law Rev 25: 159.
    [117] Mylrea M (2019) Chapter 12-Distributed Autonomous Energy Organizations: Next-Generation Blockchain Applications for Energy Infrastructure, In: W. Lawless, R. Mittu, D. Sofge, I. S. Moskowitz, & S. Russell (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence for the Internet of Everything, Academic Press, 217-239.
    [118] Nabilou H (2019) Testing the waters of the Rubicon: The European Central Bank and central bank digital currencies. J Bank Regul.
    [119] Nair GR, Sebastian S (2017) Blockchain Technology; Centralised Ledger to Distributed Ledger. Intl Res J Eng Technol 4: 2823-2827.
    [120] Nakamoto S (2008) Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-008-9062-0.
    [121] Natarajan H, Krause S, Gradstein H (2017) Distributed ledger technology and blockchain, World Bank.
    [122] Neuberger E (1959) Centralization vs. Decentralization: The Case of Yugoslav Banking. Am Slavic East Eur Rev 18: 361-373. doi: 10.2307/3004132
    [123] Nojoumian M, Golchubian A, Njilla L, et al. (2019) Incentivizing Blockchain Miners to Avoid Dishonest Mining Strategies by a Reputation-Based Paradigm, In: K. Arai, S. Kapoor, & R. Bhatia (Eds.), Intelligent Computing, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 1118-1134.
    [124] Pournader M, Shi Y, Seuring S, et al. (2019) Blockchain applications in supply chains, transport and logistics: A systematic review of the literature. Int J Prod Res, 1-19.
    [125] Queiroz MM, Wamba SF (2019) Blockchain adoption challenges in supply chain: An empirical investigation of the main drivers in India and the USA. Int J Inf Manage 46: 70-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.021
    [126] Rahmadika S, Ramdania DR, Harika M (2018) Security Analysis on the Decentralized Energy Trading System Using Blockchain Technology. J Online Inf 3: 44-47.
    [127] Raskin M, Yermack D (2018) Digital currencies, decentralized ledgers and the future of central banking, In: Research Handbook on Central Banking, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    [128] Rejeb A (2018a) Blockchain Potential in Tilapia Supply Chain in Ghana. Acta Technica Jaurinensis 11: 104-118. doi: 10.14513/actatechjaur.v11.n2.462
    [129] Rejeb A (2018b) Halal Meat Supply Chain Traceability Based on HACCP, Blockchain and Internet of Things. Acta Technica Jaurinensis 11: 1-30. doi: 10.14513/actatechjaur.v11.n1.407
    [130] Rejeb A, Bell L (2019) Potentials of Blockchain for Healthcare: Case of Tunisia. World Sci News 136: 173-193.
    [131] Rejeb A, Keogh JG, Treiblmaier H (2019a) Leveraging the Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management. Future Int 11: 161. doi: 10.3390/fi11070161
    [132] Rejeb A, Keogh JG, Treiblmaier H (2019b) The impact of blockchain on medical tourism, WeB2019 Workshop on E-Business, Munich, Germany, 1-12.
    [133] Rejeb A, Keogh JG, Treiblmaier H (2020) How Blockchain Technology Can Benefit Marketing: Six Pending Research Areas. Front Blockchain 3: 1-12. doi: 10.3389/fbloc.2020.00003
    [134] Rejeb A, Rejeb K (2019) Blockchain Technology in Tourism: Applications and Possibilities. World Sci News, 119-144.
    [135] Rejeb A, Rejeb K (2020) Blockchain and supply chain sustainability. Logforum 16: 363-372. doi: 10.17270/J.LOG.2020.467
    [136] Rejeb A, Sűle E, Keogh JG (2018) Exploring new technologies in procurement. Transp Logistic Int J 18: 76-86.
    [137] Riehl JR, Ward J (2020) Transaction Pricing for Maximizing Throughput in a Sharded Blockchain Ledger. 2020 Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology (CVCBT), Rotkreuz, Switzerland, Switzerland: IEEE, 36-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/CVCBT50464.2020.00008.
    [138] Rosenfeld E (2015) Ecuador becomes the first country to roll out its own digital cash. CNBC February, 9.
    [139] Samavi R, Doyle TE, Topologlou T (2017) The first workshop on blockchain & amp; eHealth: Towards provable privacy & amp; security in data intensive health research. Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, USA: IBM Corp, 333-336.
    [140] Sarmah SS (2018) Understanding blockchain technology. Comput Sci Eng 8: 23-29.
    [141] Schär F (2020) Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain- and Smart Contract-based Financial Markets. SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 3571335. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3571335.
    [142] Sheel A, Nath V (2019) Effect of blockchain technology adoption on supply chain adaptability, agility, alignment and performance. Manage Res Rev 42: 1353-1374. doi: 10.1108/MRR-12-2018-0490
    [143] Shu H, Qi P, Huang Y, et al. (2020) An Efficient Certificateless Aggregate Signature Scheme for Blockchain-Based Medical Cyber Physical Systems.Sensors 20: 1521. doi: 10.3390/s20051521
    [144] Singh V (2018) Understand Blockchain Technology: Your quick guide to understand blockchain concepts, Vivek Singh.
    [145] Snyder H (2019) Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. J Bus Res 104: 333-339. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
    [146] Stratfor (2020) The Arduous Task of Regulating Bitcoin. Available from: https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/arduous-task-regulating-bitcoin.
    [147] Subramanian N, Chaudhuri A, Kayikci Y (2020) Basics of Blockchain, In: N. Subramanian, A. Chaudhuri, & Y. Kayıkcı (Eds.), Blockchain and Supply Chain Logistics: Evolutionary Case Studies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 11-19.
    [148] Suikkanen H (2017) Economic and Institutional Implications of Blockchain. Master Thesis, Aalto University, Finland. Available from: https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi:443/handle/123456789/28718.
    [149] Swan M (2015) Blockchain Blueprint for a New Economy, O'Reilly Media, Inc.
    [150] Tam MCY, Tummala VMR (2001) An application of the AHP in vendor selection of a telecommunications system. Omega 29: 171-182. doi: 10.1016/S0305-0483(00)00039-6
    [151] Tama BA, Kweka BJ, Park Y, et al. (2017) A critical review of blockchain and its current applications. 2017 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (ICECOS), Palembang: IEEE, 109-113. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECOS.2017.8167115.
    [152] Tasca P, Tessone CJ (2018) Taxonomy of Blockchain Technologies. Principles of Identification and Classification. arXiv: 1708.04872[Cs]. Available from: http://arXiv.org/abs/1708.04872.
    [153] Tiwari STS, Chan SW, Ahmad MF, et al. (2019) Application and Implementation of E-Procurement Technologies in Malaysian Manufacturing Firm. Int J Supply Chain Manage 8: 923.
    [154] Treiblmaier H (2018) The impact of the blockchain on the supply chain: A theory-based research framework and a call for action. Supply Chain Manage Int J 23: 545-559. doi: 10.1108/SCM-01-2018-0029
    [155] Treiblmaier H (2019) Combining Blockchain Technology and the Physical Internet to Achieve Triple Bottom Line Sustainability: A Comprehensive Research Agenda for Modern Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Logistics 3: 1-13.
    [156] Treiblmaier H, Rejeb A, Strebinger A (2020) Blockchain as a Driver for Smart City Development: Application Fields and a Comprehensive Research Agenda.Smart Cities 3: 853-872. doi: 10.3390/smartcities3030044
    [157] Ureche O, Plamondon R (1999) Document transport, transfer and exchange: Security and commercial aspects. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. ICDAR 99 (Cat. No.PR00318), 585-588. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDAR.1999.791855.
    [158] Visser C, Hanich QA (2017) How blockchain is strengthening tuna traceability to combat illegal fishing. Available from: https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir= 1&article=4374&context=lhapapers.
    [159] Vujičić D, Jagodić D, Ranđić S (2018) Blockchain technology, bitcoin, and Ethereum: A brief overview. 2018 17th International Symposium INFOTEH-JAHORINA (INFOTEH), 1-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOTEH.2018.8345547.
    [160] Wang L, Liu Y (2015) Exploring Miner Evolution in Bitcoin Network, In: J. Mirkovic & Y. Liu (Eds.), Passive and Active Measurement, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 290-302.
    [161] Wang S, Ouyang L, Yuan Y, et al. (2019) Blockchain-Enabled Smart Contracts: Architecture, Applications, and Future Trends. 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141 USA: IEEE. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2019.2895123.
    [162] Wang Y, Kogan A (2018) Designing confidentiality-preserving Blockchain-based transaction processing systems. Int J Accounting Inf Syst 30: 1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.accinf.2018.06.001
    [163] Weihrich H (1982) The TOWS matrix-A tool for situational analysis. Long Range Plann 15: 54-66. doi: 10.1016/0024-6301(82)90120-0
    [164] Wessel D (2016) The Hutchins Center Explains: How blockchain could change the financial system (part 1). Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2016/01/11/the-hutchins-center-explains-how-blockchain-could-change-the-financial-system-part-1/.
    [165] Wiatt RG (2019) From the mainframe to the blockchain. Strat Financ 100: 26-35.
    [166] Wilson C (2019) Cryptocurrencies: The Future of Finance? In: F.-L. T. Yu & D. S. Kwan (Eds.), Contemporary Issues in International Political Economy, Singapore: Springer, 359-394.
    [167] Wright D (2002) Comparative Evaluation Of Electronic Payment Systems. INFOR Inf Syst Oper Res 40: 71-85.
    [168] Wu Z, Williams AB, Perouli D (2019) Dependable Public Ledger for Policy Compliance, a Blockchain Based Approach. 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 1891-1900. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS.2019.00187.
    [169] Xu L, Chen L, Gao Z, et al. (2020) DIoTA: Decentralized-Ledger-Based Framework for Data Authenticity Protection in IoT Systems. 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141 USA: IEEE. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.001.1900136.
    [170] Xu Z, Zou C (2020) What can blockchain do and Cannot do? China Econ J, 1-22. doi: 10.1080/17538963.2020.1748968
    [171] Yau J (2001) The Inefficient Stock Market: What Pays Off and Why. J Altern Invest 4: 73-74. doi: 10.3905/jai.2001.319015
    [172] Yiannas F (2018) A New Era of Food Transparency Powered by Blockchain. Innovations Technol Governance Globalization 12: 46-56. doi: 10.1162/inov_a_00266
    [173] Yli-Huumo J, Ko D, Choi S, et al. (2016) Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology?-A Systematic Review. PLOS ONE 11: e0163477. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163477
    [174] Yu Y, Li Y, Tian J, et al. (2018) Blockchain-Based Solutions to Security and Privacy Issues in the Internet of Things. IEEE Wireless Commun 25: 12-18. doi: 10.1109/MWC.2017.1800116
    [175] Zetzsche DA, Buckley RP, Arner DW (2018) The distributed liability of distributed ledgers: Legal risks of blockchain. U Ill L Rev, 1361.
    [176] Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H, et al. (2017) An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends. 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress), 557-564. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1109/BigDataCongress.2017.85.
    [177] Zhou Z, Liu X, Pei J, et al. (2018) Competition of pricing and service investment between iot-based and traditional manufacturers. J Ind Manage Optim 14: 1203-1218.
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2021 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(28234) PDF downloads(1029) Cited by(4)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Figures(3)

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog