The pedunculopontine nucleus: From posture and locomotion to neuroepigenetics

T. Virmani; F. J. Urbano; V. Bisagno; E. Garcia-Rill; T. Virmani; F. J. Urbano; V. Bisagno; E. Garcia-Rill

doi:10.3934/Neuroscience.2019.4.219

AIMS Neuroscience

2019, Volume 6, Issue 4: 219-230. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2019.4.219

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Review Special Issues

The pedunculopontine nucleus: From posture and locomotion to neuroepigenetics

1.
Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 847, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
2.
Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA
3.
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Farmacologicas, Argentina
4.
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Received: 21 August 2019 Accepted: 19 September 2019 Published: 30 September 2019

In this review, we discuss first an example of one of the symptoms of PD, freezing of gait (FOG), then we will turn to the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) to treat PD, and the original studies that led to identification of the PPN as one source of locomotor control and why stimulation frequency is critical, and then describe the intrinsic properties of PPN neurons that require beta/gamma stimulation in order to fully activate all types of PPN neurons. Finally, we will describe recent findings on the proteomic and molecular consequences of gamma band activity in PPN neurons, with emphasis on the potential neuroepigenetic sequelae. These considerations will provide essential information for the appropriate refining and testing of PPN DBS as a potential therapy for PD, as well as alternative options.
- arousal,
- deep brain stimulation,
- F-actin,
- histone deacetylase,
- N- and P/Q-type calcium channels,
- REM sleep,
- trichostatin A,
- waking
Citation: T. Virmani, F. J. Urbano, V. Bisagno, E. Garcia-Rill. The pedunculopontine nucleus: From posture and locomotion to neuroepigenetics[J]. AIMS Neuroscience, 2019, 6(4): 219-230. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2019.4.219

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Abstract

In this review, we discuss first an example of one of the symptoms of PD, freezing of gait (FOG), then we will turn to the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) to treat PD, and the original studies that led to identification of the PPN as one source of locomotor control and why stimulation frequency is critical, and then describe the intrinsic properties of PPN neurons that require beta/gamma stimulation in order to fully activate all types of PPN neurons. Finally, we will describe recent findings on the proteomic and molecular consequences of gamma band activity in PPN neurons, with emphasis on the potential neuroepigenetic sequelae. These considerations will provide essential information for the appropriate refining and testing of PPN DBS as a potential therapy for PD, as well as alternative options.

Abbreviation CaMKII: calcium calmodulin kinase II; cAMP/PK: cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase; DBS: deep brain stimulation; FOG: freezing of gait; PD: Parkinson's disease; PPN: pedunculopontine nucleus; RAS: reticular activating system; REM: rapid eye movement;
Acknowledgments

Supported by NIH award P30 GM110702 from the IDeA program at NIGMS to the CTN. This work was also supported by the University of Arkansas Clinician Scientist Program award (to Dr. Virmani). In addition, this work was supported by grants from FONCYT-Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Préstamo BID 1728 OC.AR. PICT-2016-1728 (to Dr. Urbano); FONCYT-Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Préstamo BID 1728 OC.AR. PICT 2015-2594 (to Dr. Bisagno).

Conflict of interest

The authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest, or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
All of the published studies referred to from our labs secured UAMS institutional review board (IRB) permission for human studies or institutional animal care (IACUC) approval for all animal studies prior to the performance of experiments.
None of the published studies referred to from our labs required public registration.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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