Homeostatic proliferation as a physiological process and a risk factor for autoimmune pathology

Daniil Shevyrev; Valeriy Tereshchenko; Olesya Manova; Vladimir kozlov; Daniil Shevyrev; Valeriy Tereshchenko; Olesya Manova; Vladimir kozlov

doi:10.3934/Allergy.2021002

AIMS Allergy and Immunology

2021, Volume 5, Issue 1: 18-32. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2021002

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Review Topical Sections

Homeostatic proliferation as a physiological process and a risk factor for autoimmune pathology

1.
Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology (RIFCI), Novosibirsk, Russia
2.
Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia

Received: 10 November 2020 Accepted: 23 December 2020 Published: 24 December 2020

The most important functions of the immune system are the guarantee of multicellularity, the maintenance of genetic homeostasis, and the protection of the organism from various infectious agents. The maintenance of homeostasis within the immune system also plays an important role in the normal functioning of the organism and is realized through several mechanisms. For example, after the resolution of the immune response, the excessive amount of lymphocytes is eliminated via apoptosis due to the competition for the survival factors and because of the lack of specific stimulation, and the excessive amount of antibodies is corrected by idiotype–anti-idiotype interactions. The restoration and maintenance of the lymphocyte count are performed due to the migration from the bone marrow and thymus and the process of homeostatic proliferation that plays the most important role (after the involution of the thymus) for T-lymphocytes. Because of the non-uniformity of the definitions that are met in the published literature, the authors provide the definition of the process of homeostatic proliferation of T-lymphocytes that will be used further in the text. Homeostatic proliferation (HP) is a physiological process to restoration of the peripheral T-lymphocyte pool after lymphopenia of any etiology through the antigen-specific proliferation of lymphocytes under the influence of IL-7 and IL-15, which can acquire pathological features depending on the severity of lymphopenia. Homeostatic proliferation can be conventionally divided into a fast and slow type depending on its intensity. Although such division is highly conventional, there are certain physiological peculiarities of fast and slow HP that can influence the functioning of the immune system, change the T-cell receptor landscape, and lead to the development of pathologies. It is worth noting that fast HP predominantly involves memory effector T-cells, while slow HP also influences naive T-cells. In the present review, the authors discuss the most important physiological and pathological aspects of the homeostatic proliferation of T-lymphocytes.
- homeostatic proliferation,
- lymphopenia,
- T-cell homeostasis,
- autoimmune diseases,
- TCR diversity,
- IL-7,
- IL-15
Citation: Daniil Shevyrev, Valeriy Tereshchenko, Olesya Manova, Vladimir kozlov. Homeostatic proliferation as a physiological process and a risk factor for autoimmune pathology[J]. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2021, 5(1): 18-32. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2021002

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Abstract

The most important functions of the immune system are the guarantee of multicellularity, the maintenance of genetic homeostasis, and the protection of the organism from various infectious agents. The maintenance of homeostasis within the immune system also plays an important role in the normal functioning of the organism and is realized through several mechanisms. For example, after the resolution of the immune response, the excessive amount of lymphocytes is eliminated via apoptosis due to the competition for the survival factors and because of the lack of specific stimulation, and the excessive amount of antibodies is corrected by idiotype–anti-idiotype interactions. The restoration and maintenance of the lymphocyte count are performed due to the migration from the bone marrow and thymus and the process of homeostatic proliferation that plays the most important role (after the involution of the thymus) for T-lymphocytes. Because of the non-uniformity of the definitions that are met in the published literature, the authors provide the definition of the process of homeostatic proliferation of T-lymphocytes that will be used further in the text. Homeostatic proliferation (HP) is a physiological process to restoration of the peripheral T-lymphocyte pool after lymphopenia of any etiology through the antigen-specific proliferation of lymphocytes under the influence of IL-7 and IL-15, which can acquire pathological features depending on the severity of lymphopenia. Homeostatic proliferation can be conventionally divided into a fast and slow type depending on its intensity. Although such division is highly conventional, there are certain physiological peculiarities of fast and slow HP that can influence the functioning of the immune system, change the T-cell receptor landscape, and lead to the development of pathologies. It is worth noting that fast HP predominantly involves memory effector T-cells, while slow HP also influences naive T-cells. In the present review, the authors discuss the most important physiological and pathological aspects of the homeostatic proliferation of T-lymphocytes.

Conflict of interests

All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.

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