Research article

The estimation of the functioning of families with ASD children

  • Received: 22 September 2019 Accepted: 25 November 2019 Published: 20 December 2019
  • Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a disease described as a neurodevelopmental disorder as the impairment of social and communication functions. Life of the people with ASD depends on the early introduction of intensive therapeutic programmes, modifying the undesirable behaviours, and aimed at teaching social and communication skills. Aims: The goal of the present work is to estimation the functioning of families with an ASD child and compare it to the functioning of families with children not diagnosed with ASD. Methods: The study was performed using Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales. The study included 70 parents of ASD children, and 70 parents with children without diagnosed ASD, as the control group. Results: The parents of children with autism achieve lower results in the Balanced Cohesion sub-scale than the control group. Also, the parents of ASD children obtained higher scores in the Disengaged sub-scale than the control group. Conclusions: The results of this papers can suggesting the risk of the appearance of a disturbed family system, functioning in families with children with ASD, which should be a trigger for providing these families with early family functioning diagnosis and consequent support and therapy.

    Citation: Anna Kostiukow, Wojciech Strzelecki, Piotr Poniewierski, Włodzimierz Samborski. The estimation of the functioning of families with ASD children[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2019, 6(4): 587-599. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.587

    Related Papers:

  • Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a disease described as a neurodevelopmental disorder as the impairment of social and communication functions. Life of the people with ASD depends on the early introduction of intensive therapeutic programmes, modifying the undesirable behaviours, and aimed at teaching social and communication skills. Aims: The goal of the present work is to estimation the functioning of families with an ASD child and compare it to the functioning of families with children not diagnosed with ASD. Methods: The study was performed using Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales. The study included 70 parents of ASD children, and 70 parents with children without diagnosed ASD, as the control group. Results: The parents of children with autism achieve lower results in the Balanced Cohesion sub-scale than the control group. Also, the parents of ASD children obtained higher scores in the Disengaged sub-scale than the control group. Conclusions: The results of this papers can suggesting the risk of the appearance of a disturbed family system, functioning in families with children with ASD, which should be a trigger for providing these families with early family functioning diagnosis and consequent support and therapy.


    加载中


    Conflict of interests



    The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the presented work.

    [1] Ingersoll B, Schreibman L, Stahmer A (2001) Brief Report: Differential Treatment Outcomes for Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder Based on Level of Peer Social Avoidance. J Autism Dev Disord 31: 343–349. doi: 10.1023/A:1010703521704
    [2] Farley MA, McMahon WM, Fombonne E, et al. (2009) Twenty-year outcome for individuals with autism and average or near-average cognitive abilities. Autism Res Off J Int Soc Autism Res 2: 109–118. doi: 10.1002/aur.69
    [3] Association AP (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
    [4] Li Y, Yu D (2018) Variations of the Functional Brain Network Efficiency in a Young Clinical Sample within the Autism Spectrum: A fNIRS Investigation. Front Physiol 9.
    [5] Levels of Autism: Symptoms and Outlook of Severity Levels 1, 2, and 3 Healthline. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/levels-of-autism.
    [6] Sherer MR, Schreibman L (2005) Individual behavioral profiles and predictors of treatment effectiveness for children with autism. J Consult Clin Psychol 73: 525–538. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.525
    [7] Cicchetti D, Curtis WJ (2015) The Developing Brain and Neural Plasticity: Implications for Normality, Psychopathology, and Resilience. Developmental Psychopathology. Wiley-Blackwell, 1–64.
    [8] Dawson G (2008) Early behavioral intervention, brain plasticity, and the prevention of autism spectrum disorder. Dev Psychopathol 20: 775–803. doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000370
    [9] Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, et al. (2018) Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years-Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ 67: 1–23.
    [10] Medeiros K, Winsler A (2014) Parent-child gesture use during problem solving in autistic spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 44: 1946–1958. doi: 10.1007/s10803-014-2069-y
    [11] Elsabbagh M, Divan G, Koh YJ, et al. (2012) Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Res Off J Int Soc Autism Res 5: 160–179. doi: 10.1002/aur.239
    [12] Rice CE, Rosanoff M, Dawson G, et al. (2012) Evaluating Changes in the Prevalence of the Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). Public Health Rev 34: 1–22.
    [13] Hansen SN, Schendel DE, Parner ET (2015) Explaining the increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: the proportion attributable to changes in reporting practices. JAMA Pediatr 169: 56–62. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1893
    [14] Blumberg SJ, Bramlett MD, Kogan MD, et al. (2013) Changes in prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder in school-aged U.S. children: 2007 to 2011–2012. National Center for Health Statistics Reports. Number 65. NCHS.
    [15] McConkey R, Truesdale-Kennedy M, Cassidy A (2009) Mothers' Recollections of Early Features of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Child Adolesc Ment Health 14: 31–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00495.x
    [16] Zeedyk SM, Rodriguez G, Tipton LA, et al. (2014) Bullying of youth with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, or typical development: Victim and parent perspectives. Res Autism Spectr Disord 8: 1173–1183. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2014.06.001
    [17] Chamak B, Bonniau B, Oudaya L, et al. (2011) The autism diagnostic experiences of French parents. Autism Int J Res Pract 15: 83–97. doi: 10.1177/1362361309354756
    [18] Desai MU, Divan G, Wertz FJ, et al. (2012) The discovery of autism: Indian parents' experiences of caring for their child with an autism spectrum disorder. Transcult Psychiatry 49: 613–637. doi: 10.1177/1363461512447139
    [19] Gray DE (2003) Gender and coping: the parents of children with high functioning autism. Soc Sci Med 1982 56: 631–642.
    [20] Ludlow A, Skelly C, Rohleder P (2012) Challenges faced by parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. J Health Psychol 17: 702–711. doi: 10.1177/1359105311422955
    [21] Davis NO, Carter AS (2008) Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: associations with child characteristics. J Autism Dev Disord 38: 1278–1291. doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0512-z
    [22] Zhou T, Yi C (2014) Parenting styles and parents' perspectives on how their own emotions affect the functioning of children with autism spectrum disorders. Fam Process 53: 67–79. doi: 10.1111/famp.12058
    [23] Dale E, Jahoda A, Knott F (2006) Mothers' attributions following their child's diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder: exploring links with maternal levels of stress,depression and expectations about their child's future. Autism Int J Res Pract 10: 463–479. doi: 10.1177/1362361306066600
    [24] Meirsschaut M, Roeyers H, Warreyn P (2010) Parenting in families with a child with autism spectrum disorder and a typically developing child: Mothers' experiences and cognitions. Res Autism Spectr Disord 4: 661–669. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.01.002
    [25] Khan TM, Ooi K, Ong YS, et al. (2016) A meta-synthesis on parenting a child with autism. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 745.
    [26] Poslawsky IE, Naber FBA, Van Daalen E, et al. (2014) Parental reaction to early diagnosis of their children's autism spectrum disorder: an exploratory study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 45: 294–305. doi: 10.1007/s10578-013-0400-z
    [27] Bitsika V, Sharpley C (2004) Stress, Anxiety and Depression Among Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Humanit Soc Sci Pap 14: 151–161.
    [28] Dabrowska A, Pisula E (2010) Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res JIDR 54: 266–280. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01258.x
    [29] Pisula E, Porębowicz-Dörsmann A (2017) Family functioning, parenting stress and quality of life in mothers and fathers of Polish children with high functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. PloS One 12: e0186536. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186536
    [30] Benson P, Karlof KL, Siperstein GN (2008) Maternal involvement in the education of young children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Int J Res Pract 12: 47–63. doi: 10.1177/1362361307085269
    [31] Bitsika V, Sharpley CF, Bell R (2013) The Buffering Effect of Resilience upon Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Parents of a Child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Dev Phys Disabil 25: 533–543. doi: 10.1007/s10882-013-9333-5
    [32] Zung WWK (1965) A Self-Rating Depression Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 12: 63–70. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008
    [33] Zung WWK (1971) A Rating Instrument For Anxiety Disorders. Psychosomatics 12: 371–379. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0
    [34] Connor KM, Davidson JRT (2003) Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety 18: 76–82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113
    [35] Margasiński A (2013) Skala Oceny Rodziny. Polska adaptacja FACES IV- Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales Davida H. Olsona Family Assessment Scales, Polish adaptation FACES IV-Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scaleń by David H. Olson. Warszawa.
    [36] Olson D (2011) FACES IV and the Circumplex Model: validation study. J Marital Fam Ther 37: 64–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00175.x
    [37] Olson DH (2000) Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Sytems. J Fam Ther 22: 144–167. doi: 10.1111/1467-6427.00144
    [38] Olson DH, Gorall DM, Tiesel J (2007) FACES IV & the Circumplex Model: Validation Study: Recuperado el 01/04/09 en www. facesiv. com Life Innovations.
    [39] Brobst JB, Clopton JR, Hendrick SS (2009) Parenting Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Couple's Relationship. Focus Autism Dev Disabil 24: 38–49. doi: 10.1177/1088357608323699
    [40] Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP, Hodge D, et al. (2009) Parenting stress and closeness: Mothers of typically developing children and mothers of children with autism. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabil 24: 178–187. doi: 10.1177/1088357609338715
    [41] Lee GK, Lopata C, Volker MA, et al. (2009) Health-related quality of life of parents of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabil 24: 227–239. doi: 10.1177/1088357609347371
    [42] Benson PR, Karlof KL (2009) Anger, Stress Proliferation, and Depressed Mood Among Parents of Children with ASD: A Longitudinal Replication. J Autism Dev Disord 39: 350–362. doi: 10.1007/s10803-008-0632-0
    [43] Hayes SA, Watson SL (2013) The Impact of Parenting Stress: A Meta-analysis of Studies Comparing the Experience of Parenting Stress in Parents of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 43: 629–642. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y
    [44] Abbeduto L, Seltzer MM, Shattuck P, et al. (2004) Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, Down syndrome, or fragile X syndrome. Am J Ment Retard AJMR 109: 237–254. doi: 10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<237:PWACIM>2.0.CO;2
    [45] Pisula E (2007) A comparative study of stress profiles in mothers of children with autism and those of children with Down's syndrome. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 20: 274–278. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2006.00342.x
    [46] Cochrane JJ, Goering PN, Rogers JM (1997) The mental health of informal caregivers in Ontario: an epidemiological survey. Am J Public Health 87: 2002–2007. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.87.12.2002
    [47] Pinquart M, Sörensen S (2003) Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: a meta-analysis. Psychol Aging 18: 250–267. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.250
    [48] Lovell B, Moss M, Wetherell M (2012) The psychosocial, endocrine and immune consequences of caring for a child with autism or ADHD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37: 534–542. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.08.003
    [49] Ruiz-Robledillo N, Moya-Albiol L (2013) Self-reported health and cortisol awakening response in parents of people with asperger syndrome: the role of trait anger and anxiety, coping and burden. Psychol Health 28: 1246–1264. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2013.800517
    [50] Bebko JM, Konstantareas MM, Springer J (1987) Parent and professional evaluations of family stress associated with characteristics of autism. J Autism Dev Disord 17: 565–576. doi: 10.1007/BF01486971
    [51] Liwag MECD (2002) Mothers and Fathers of Autistic Children: An Exploratory Study of Family Stress and Coping. Philipp J Psychol 35.
    [52] Bishop SL, Richler J, Cain AC, et al. (2007) Predictors of Perceived Negative Impact in Mothers of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Am J Ment Retard 112: 450–461. doi: 10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[450:POPNII]2.0.CO;2
    [53] Konstantareas MM, Papageorgiou V (2006) Effects of temperament, symptom severity and level of functioning on maternal stress in Greek children and youth with ASD. Autism 10: 593–607. doi: 10.1177/1362361306068511
    [54] Lecavalier L, Leone S, Wiltz J (2006) The impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. J Intellect Disabil Res JIDR 50: 172–183. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00732.x
    [55] Rivard M, Terroux A, Parent-Boursier C, et al. (2014) Determinants of stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 44: 1609–1620. doi: 10.1007/s10803-013-2028-z
    [56] Zaidman-Zait A, Mirenda P, Duku E, et al. (2014) Examination of bidirectional relationships between parent stress and two types of problem behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 44: 1908–1917. doi: 10.1007/s10803-014-2064-3
    [57] Bitsika V, Sharpley CF, Andronicos NM, et al. (2017) What worries parents of a child with Autism? Evidence from a biomarker for chronic stress. Res Dev Disabil 62: 209–217.
    [58] Fredrickson BL, Tugade MM, Waugh CE, et al. (2003) What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. J Pers Soc Psychol 84: 365–376.
    [59] Bristol MM, Schopler E (1983) Stress and Coping in Families of Autistic Adolescents. Autism in Adolescents and Adults, Springer, Boston, MA, 251–278.
    [60] Kuhn JC, Carter AS (2006) Maternal self-efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism. Am J Orthopsychiatry 76: 564–575. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.564
    [61] Pottie CG, Ingram KM (2008) Daily stress, coping, and well-being in parents of children with autism: a multilevel modeling approach. J Fam Psychol 22: 855–864. doi: 10.1037/a0013604
    [62] Vidyasagar N, Koshy S (2010) Stress and coping in mothers of autistic children. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol 36: 245–248.
    [63] Sharpley CF, Bitsika V, Efremidis B (1997) Influence of gender, parental health, and perceived expertise of assistance upon stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism. J Intellect Dev Disabil 22: 19–28. doi: 10.1080/13668259700033261
    [64] Das S, Das B, Nath K, et al. (2017) Impact of stress, coping, social support, and resilience of families having children with autism: A North East India-based study. Asian J Psychiatry 28: 133–139. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.03.040
    [65] Diener ED, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, et al. (1985) The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess 49: 71–75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
    [66] Tobin DL, Holroyd KA, Reynolds RV, et al. (1989) The hierarchical factor structure of the Coping Strategies Inventory. Cognit Ther Res 13: 343–361. doi: 10.1007/BF01173478
    [67] Godoy-Izquierdo D, Sola HC, García JFG (2011) Assessing coping with stress self-efficacy: English validation of the CSSES. Health Outcomes Res Med 2: e105–e118. doi: 10.1016/j.ehrm.2011.06.001
    [68] Folkman S, Lazarus RS (1980) An Analysis of Coping in a Middle-Aged Community Sample. J Health Soc Behav 21: 219–239. doi: 10.2307/2136617
    [69] Luque Salas B, Yáñez Rodríguez V, Tabernero Urbieta C, et al. (2017) The role of coping strategies and self-efficacy as predictors of life satisfaction in a sample of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Psicothema 29: 55–60.
    [70] Matud M (2004) Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Pers Individ Differ 37: 1401–1415. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.01.010
    [71] Smith LE, Hong J, Seltzer MM, et al. (2010) Daily Experiences Among Mothers of Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 40: 167–178. doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0844-y
    [72] Tehee E, Honan R, Hevey D (2009) Factors Contributing to Stress in Parents of Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 22: 34–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00437.x
    [73] Beck A, Daley D, Hastings RP, et al. (2004) Mothers' expressed emotion towards children with and without intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res 48: 628–638. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2003.00564.x
    [74] Gray DE (2006) Coping over time: the parents of children with autism. J Intellect Disabil Res 50: 970–976. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00933.x
    [75] Hastings RP, Brown T (2002) Behavior problems of children with autism, parental self-efficacy, and mental health. Am J Ment Retard 107: 222–232. doi: 10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0222:BPOCWA>2.0.CO;2
    [76] Jones TL, Prinz RJ (2005) Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: a review. Clin Psychol Rev 25: 341–363. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004
    [77] King GA, Zwaigenbaum L, King S, et al. (2006) A qualitative investigation of changes in the belief systems of families of children with autism or Down syndrome. Child Care Health Dev 32: 353–369. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00571.x
    [78] Lightsey Jr OR, Sweeney J (2008) Meaning in life, emotion-oriented coping, generalized self-efficacy, and family cohesion as predictors of family satisfaction among mothers of children with disabilities. Fam J 16: 212–221. doi: 10.1177/1066480708317503
    [79] Woodman AC, Hauser-Cram P (2013) The role of coping strategies in predicting change in parenting efficacy and depressive symptoms among mothers of adolescents with developmental disabilities: Role of coping strategies. J Intellect Disabil Res 57: 513–530. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01555.x
    [80] Gardner David G, Shoback Dolores (2007) Glucocorticoids and Adrenal Androgens. In: Gardner DG, Shoback D, Greenspan FS, Greenspan's Basic & Clinical Endocrinology, 9Eds., McGraw-Hill Medical.
    [81] Buono MJ, Yeager JE, Hodgdon JA (1986) Plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol responses to brief high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 61: 1337–1339. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1986.61.4.1337
    [82] Chrousos GP (2009) Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev Endocrinol 5: 374–381. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2009.106
    [83] Whittingham K, Sofronoff K, Sheffield J, et al. (2009) Behavioural Family Intervention with parents of children with ASD: What do they find useful in the parenting program Stepping Stones Triple P? Res Autism Spectr Disord 3: 702–713. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.01.009
    [84] Kaminski JW, Valle LA, Filene JH, et al. (2008) A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. J Abnorm Child Psychol 36: 567–589. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9
    [85] Bitsika V, Sharpley C (1999) An exploratory examination of the effects of support groups on the well-being of parents of children with autism-I: General counselling. J Appl Health Behav 1: 16–22.
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(3852) PDF downloads(428) Cited by(3)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Tables(1)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog