Review

Pharmacological effect of Allium sativum on coagulation, blood pressure, diabetic nephropathy, neurological disorders, spermatogenesis, antibacterial effects

  • Received: 27 December 2018 Accepted: 17 April 2019 Published: 29 April 2019
  • For many years, the medicinal plants have been used all over the world for treating and preventing from some diseases. But the effects of some of them have been examined scientifically. The medicinal plants are useful treating methods in both traditional and modern systems. The allium species like garlic and onion are used as food, spices, flavor and local drugs. With the scientific name of Allium sativam, the garlic is from the Liliaceae family and it has attracted a special attention among the modern plants, because it has been spread and is available all over the world. The findings of this study indicate that the garlic consuming can increase infection of some of bacteria. Due to the antioxidant characteristics, the garlic is likely to reduce these hurts significantly through increasing the antioxidant capacity in the kidney. There are several reports on the anticoagulation characteristics of garlic. Also there are some warnings about the simultaneous consumption of the garlic with warfarin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammation drugs. And also, garlic has anti-hypertensive characteristics and its compounds have been investigated in treating infertility, according to the studies done, garlic and the old garlic’s extract have anti-stress, anti-aging, memory and learning improving and anti-Alzheimer characteristics. But more studies are needed to be done on the humans in this context.

    Citation: Seyyed Abbas Hashemi, Sayeh Ghorbanoghli, Ali Asghar Manouchehri, Mahdi Babaei Hatkehlouei. Pharmacological effect of Allium sativum on coagulation, blood pressure, diabetic nephropathy, neurological disorders, spermatogenesis, antibacterial effects[J]. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2019, 4(2): 386-398. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2019.2.386

    Related Papers:

  • For many years, the medicinal plants have been used all over the world for treating and preventing from some diseases. But the effects of some of them have been examined scientifically. The medicinal plants are useful treating methods in both traditional and modern systems. The allium species like garlic and onion are used as food, spices, flavor and local drugs. With the scientific name of Allium sativam, the garlic is from the Liliaceae family and it has attracted a special attention among the modern plants, because it has been spread and is available all over the world. The findings of this study indicate that the garlic consuming can increase infection of some of bacteria. Due to the antioxidant characteristics, the garlic is likely to reduce these hurts significantly through increasing the antioxidant capacity in the kidney. There are several reports on the anticoagulation characteristics of garlic. Also there are some warnings about the simultaneous consumption of the garlic with warfarin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammation drugs. And also, garlic has anti-hypertensive characteristics and its compounds have been investigated in treating infertility, according to the studies done, garlic and the old garlic’s extract have anti-stress, anti-aging, memory and learning improving and anti-Alzheimer characteristics. But more studies are needed to be done on the humans in this context.


    加载中


    [1] Rivlin RS (2001) Historical perspective on the use of garlic. J Nutr 131: 951–954. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.951S
    [2] Jiang Y, David B, Tu P, et al. (2010) Recent analytical approaches in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines-a review. Anal Chim Acta 657: 9–18. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.024
    [3] Nagourney RA (1998) Garlic: Medicinal food or nutritious medicine? J Med Food 1: 13–28. doi: 10.1089/jmf.1998.1.13
    [4] Tattelman E (2005) Health effects of garlic. Am Fam Physician 72: 103–106.
    [5] Avecina A (1991) Ghanoon in Medicine: 458–465.
    [6] Koch HP, Lawson LD (1995) Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium Sativum L. and Related Species. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 34–108.
    [7] Mathew BC, Daniel RS, Augusti KT (1996) Hypolipidemic effect of garlic protein substituted for casein in diet of rats compared to those of garlic oil. Indian J Exp Biol 34: 337–340.
    [8] Anwar MM, Meki AR (2003) Oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Effects of garlic oil and melatonin. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 135: 539–547. doi: 10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00114-4
    [9] Pedraza-Chaverri J, Yam-Canul P, Chirino YI, et al. (2008) Protective effects of garlic powder against potassium dichromateinduced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol46: 619–627.
    [10] Liu CT, Sheen LY, Lii CK (2007) Does garlic have a role as an antidiabetic agent? Mol Nutr Food Res 51: 1353–1364. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700082
    [11] El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, El-Naga NI (2005) Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 43: 57–63. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.08.012
    [12] Liu CT, Hse H, Lii CK, et al. (2005) Effects of garlic oil and diallyl trisulfide on glycemic control in diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 516: 165–173. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.04.031
    [13] Cruz C, Correa-Rotter R, Sánchez-González DJ, et al. (2007) Renoprotective and antihypertensive effects of S-allylcysteine in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293: F1691–F1698. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00235.2007
    [14] Mensah-Brown EP, Obineche EN, Galadari S, et al. (2005) Streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats: The role of inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine 31: 180–190. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.04.006
    [15] Yin MC, Hsu CC, Chiang PF, et al. (2007) Antiinflammatory and antifibrogenic effects of s-ethyl cysteine and s-methyl cysteine in the kidney of diabetic mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 51: 572–579. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200600213
    [16] Maldonado PD, Barrera D, Rivero I, et al. (2003) Antioxidant S-allylcysteine prevents gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and renal damage. Free Radic Biol Med 35: 317–324. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00312-5
    [17] Moreno FJ, Corzo-Martı´nez M, del Castillo MD, et al. (2006) Changes in antioxidant activity of dehydrated onion and garlic during storage. Food Res Int 39: 891–897. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2006.03.012
    [18] Hamada Y, Fukagawa M (2007) A possible role of thioredoxin interacting protein in the pathogenesis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. Kobe J Med Sci 53: 53–61.
    [19] O'Bryan GT, Hostetter TH (1997) The renal hemodynamic basis of diabetic nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 17: 93–100.
    [20] Kalantarinia K, Awad AS, Siragy HM (2003) Urinary and renal interstitial concentrations of TNF-alpha increase prior to the rise in albuminuria in diabetic rats. Kidney Int 64: 1208–1213. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00237.x
    [21] Shiju TM, Rajesh NG, Viswanathan P (2013) Renoprotective effect of aged garlic extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 45: 18–23. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.106429
    [22] Moriguchi T, Takasugi N, Itakura Y (2001) The effects of aged garlic extract on lipid peroxidation and the deformability of erythrocytes. J Nutr 131: 1016S–1019S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.1016S
    [23] Fukao H, Yoshida H, Tazawa Y, et al. (2007) Antithrombotic effects of odorless garlic powder both in vitro and in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 84–90. doi: 10.1271/bbb.60380
    [24] Yeh YY, Liu L (2001) Cholesterol lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulphur compounds: Human and animal studies. J Nutr 131: 989S–993S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.989S
    [25] Saravanan G, Ponmurugan P, Kumar GPS, et al. (2009) Anti-diabetic properties of S-allylcysteine, a garlic component on streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. J App Biomed 7: 151–159. doi: 10.32725/jab.2009.017
    [26] Wang X, Jiao F, Wang QW, et al. (2012) Aged black garlic extract induces inhibition of gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 5: 66–72.
    [27] Bautista-Garcia P, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Cristobal-Garcia M, et al. (2006) Chronic inhibition of NOS-2 ameliorates renal inhury, as well as COX-2 and TGF-beta 1 overexpression in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 3074–3081. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfl444
    [28] Fujihara CK, Antunes GR, Mattar AL, et al. (2007) Chronic inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B attenuates renal injury in the 5/6 renal ablation model. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol 292: F92–99. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00184.2006
    [29] Maldonado PD, Barrera D, Medina-Campos ON, et al. (2003) Aged garlic extract attenuates gentamicin induced renal damage and oxidative stress in rats. Lif Sci 73: 2543–2556. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00609-X
    [30] Wongmekiat O, Thamprasert K (2005) Investigating the protective effects of aged garlic extract on cyclosporine induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 19: 555–562. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2005.00361.x
    [31] Kabasakal L, Sehiril O, Cetinel S, et al. (2005) Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. J Med Food 8: 319–326. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.319
    [32] Seckiner I, Bayrak O, Can M, et al. (2014) Garlic supplemented diet attenuates gentamicin nephrotoxicity ın rats. Int Braz J Urol 40: 562–567. doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2014.04.17
    [33] Mahady GB, Matsuura H, Pendland SL (2004) Allixin, a phytoalexin from garlic, inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori in vitro. Am J Gastroenterol 96: 3454–3455.
    [34] O'Gara E, Hill D, Maslin D (2000) Activities of garlic oil, garlic powder, and their diallyl constituents against helicobacter pylori. Appl Environl Microbiol 66: 2269–2273. doi: 10.1128/AEM.66.5.2269-2273.2000
    [35] Cañizares P, Gracia I, Gómez LA, et al. (2004) Thermal degradation of allicin in garlic extracts and its implication on the inhibition of the in-vitro growth of helicobacter pylori. Biotechnol Prog 20: 32–37.
    [36] Gail MH, You WC (2006) A factorial trial including garlic supplements assesses effect in reducing precancerous gastric lesions. J Nutr 136: 813S–815S. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.3.813S
    [37] Ernst E (1999) Is garlic an effective treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection? Arch Intern Med 159: 2484–2485. doi: 10.1001/archinte.159.20.2484
    [38] Aydin A, Ersoz G, Tekesin O, et al. (2000) Garlic oil and Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 95: 563–564.
    [39] Prasad K, Laxdal VA, Yu M, et al. (1996) Evaluation of hydroxyl radical-scavenging property of garlic. Mol Cell Biochem 154: 55–63.
    [40] Lai PK, Roy J (2004) Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices. Curr Med Chem 11: 1451–1460. doi: 10.2174/0929867043365107
    [41] Bakri IM, Douglas CWI (2005) Inhibitary effect of garlic extract on oral bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 50: 645–650. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.12.002
    [42] Ferary S, Auger J (1996) What is the true odour of cut allium? Complementarity of various hyphenated methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with particle beam and atmospheric pressure ionization interfaces in sulphenic acids rearrangement components discrimination. J Chromatogr 750: 63–74.
    [43] Qiutang L, Inder MV (2002) NF-KB regulation in the immune system. Immunology 2: 725–734.
    [44] Yamaoka Y, Kikuchi S, El–Zimaity HMT, et al. (2002) Importance of helicobacter pylori oipA in clinical presentation, gastric inflammation and mucosal interleukin 8 production. Gastroenterology 123: 414–424. doi: 10.1053/gast.2002.34781
    [45] Crabtree JE (1996) Gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 10 Suppl 1: 29–37.
    [46] Reuter HD, Koch HP, Lawson LD (1996 ) Therapeutic effects and applications of garlic and its preparations. In: Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium Sativum and Related Species. 2 Eds., Baltimore: William & Wilkins,162–172.
    [47] Rhodes MJC (1996) Physiologically-active compounds in plant foods: An overview. Proc Nutr Soc 55: 371–384. doi: 10.1079/PNS19960036
    [48] Correa P (1992) Human gastric carcinogenesis: A multistep and multifactorial process-First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res 52: 6735–6740.
    [49] McNulty CAM, Wilson P, Havinga W, et al. (2008) A pilot study to determine the effectiveness of garlic oil capsules in the treatment of dyspeptic patients with helicobacter pylori.Helicobacter 6: 249–253.
    [50] Chowdhury AK, Ahsan M, Islam SN, et al. (1991) Efficacy of aqueous extract of garlic and allicin in experimental shigellosis in rabbits. J Med Res 93: 33–36.
    [51] You WC, Zhang L, Gail MH, et al. (1998) Helicobacter pylori infection, garlic intake and precancerous lesions in a Chinese population at low risk of gastric cancer. Int J Epidemiol 27: 941–944. doi: 10.1093/ije/27.6.941
    [52] Keiss HP, Dirsch VM, Hartung T (2003) Garlic (Allium sativum L.) modulates cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide-activated human blood thereby inhibiting NF-kappaB activity.J Nutr 133: 2171–2175.
    [53] Salih BA, Abasiyanik FM (2003) Does regular garlic intake affect the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in asymptomatic subjects? Saudi Med J 10: 1152.
    [54] Cellini L, Di Campli E, Masulli M, et al. (1996) Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by garlic extract (Allium sativum). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 13: 273–277. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00251.x
    [55] Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Samojlik I, et al. (2008) Phenolics as antioxidants in garlic (Allium Sativum L. Alliacea). Food Chem 111: 925–929. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.071
    [56] Song K, Milner JA (2001) The influence of heating on the anticancer properties of garlic. J Nutr131: 10545–10575.
    [57] Santos J, Almajano MP, Carbo R (2010) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of crude onion (Alliam cepa L.) extracts. Int J food Sci Technol: 403–409.
    [58] Dmotoso Go, Oyewopo AO, Kadir RE, et al. (2010) Effects of aqueous extracts of Allium Sativum (Garlic) on semen Parameters in Wistar rats. Int J urology 7: 35–42.
    [59] Corzo-Martinez M, Corzo N, Villamiel M. (2007) Biological properties of onions and garlic.Trends Food Sci Technol 18: 609–625. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.07.011
    [60] Jakubowski H (2003) On the health benefits of Allium sp. Nutrition 19: 167–168. doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00953-X
    [61] Aitken RJ, Clar Kson JS, Fishel S (1989) Generation of reactive oxygen species lipid per oxidation and human sperm function. Biol Reprod 41: 183–197. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod41.1.183
    [62] Chen CS, Chao HT, Pan RL, et al. (1997) Hydroxyl radicalinduesed decline in Motility and increase in lipid per oxidation and DNA modification in human sperm. Biochem Mol Biol Int43: 291–303.
    [63] Kaemmerer H, Mitzkat HJ (1985) Ion-exchange chromatography of amino acids in ejaculates of diabeties. Andrologia 17: 485–487.
    [64] Ali BH (2003) Agents ameliorating or augmenting experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: Some recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 41: 1447–1452. doi: 10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00186-8
    [65] Agarwal A, Nallella KP, Allamaneni SS, et al. (2004) Role of antioxidants in treatment of male in fertility: An overview of the literature. Reprod Biomed Online 8: 616–627. doi: 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)61641-0
    [66] Pal R, Vaiphei K, Arbab S, et al. (2006) The effect of garlic on isoniazid and rifam picin-induced hepatic in Jury in rats. World J Gastroenterol 28: 636–639.
    [67] Pdraza-chaverri J, Maldonado PD, Medine-Campos ON, et al. (2000) Garlic ameliorates gentamicin nephrotoxicity: Relation to antioxidant enzymes. Free Radic Biol Med 29: 602–611. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00354-3
    [68] SU D, Novoselov SV, Sun QA, et al. (2005) Mammalian selenoprotein thioredoxin-glutathione reductase roles in disulfide bond formation and sperm maturation. J Biol Chem 280: 26491–26498. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M503638200
    [69] Anwar MM, Meki AR (2003) Oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, effects of garlic oil and melatonin comp. Biochem physiol 135: 539–547. doi: 10.1016/S1096-4959(03)00139-8
    [70] Chauhan NS, Raoch V, Dixit VK (2008) Effect of curculigo orchioides rhizomes on sexual behavior of made rats. Int J Appl Res Nat Products 1: 26–31.
    [71] Lanzotti V (2006) The analysis of onion and garlic. J Chramatogr A 1112: 3–22. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.016
    [72] Guneli E, Tugyan K, Ozturk H, et al. (2008) Effect of melatonin on testicular damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats. Eur Surg Res 40: 354–360. doi: 10.1159/000118032
    [73] Martiez-Cruz F, Guerrero IM, Osuna C (2002) Melatonin prevents the formation of pyrrolized proteins in human plasma induced by hydrogen peroxide. Neurosci Lett 326: 147–150. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00020-4
    [74] Mirfard M, Johari H, Mokhtari M, et al. (2011) The effect of Hydro-Alcoholic garlic extract on testis weight and spermatogenesis in mature male rats under chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide. J Fasa Univ Med Sci 3: 123–130.
    [75] Borek C (2006) Garlic reduces dementia and heartdisease risk. J Nutr 136: 810–812. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.3.810S
    [76] Moriguchi T, Saito H, Nishiyama N (1997) Anti-ageing effect of aged garlic extract in the inbred brain atrophy mouse model. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 24: 235–342. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01813.x
    [77] Ushijima M, Sumioka I, Kakimoto M, et al. (1997) Effect of garlic and garlic preparations on physiological and psychological stress in mice. Phytother Res 11: 226–230. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199705)11:3<226::AID-PTR85>3.0.CO;2-E
    [78] Chauhan NB, Sandoval J (2007) Amelioration of early cognitive deficits by aged garlic extract in Alzheimer's transgenic mice. Phytother Res 21: 629–640. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2122
    [79] Chauhan NB (2006) Effect of aged garlic extract on APP processing and tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's transgenic model Tg2576. J Ethn Opharmacol 108: 385–394. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.030
    [80] Yao M, Nguyen TV, Pike CJ (2005) Beta-amyloid-induced neuronal apoptosis involves c-Jun N-terminal kinasedependent downregulation of Bclw. J Neurosci 25: 1149–1158. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4736-04.2005
    [81] Dhingra D, Kumar V (2008) Evidences for the involvement of monoaminergic and GABAergic systems in antidepressantlike activity of garlic extract in mice. Indian J Pharmacol 40: 175–179. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.43165
    [82] Diaz MR, Sembrano JM (1985) A comparative study of the efficacy of garlic and eugenol as palliative agents against dental pain of pulpal origin. J Philipp Dent Assoc 35: 3–10.
    [83] Kumar GR, Reddy KP (1999) Reduced nociceptive responses in mice with alloxan induced hyperglycemia after garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) treatment. Indian J Exp Biol 37: 662–666.
    [84] Nagourney RA (1998) Garlic: Medicinal food or nutritious medicine? J Med Food 1: 13–28. doi: 10.1089/jmf.1998.1.13
    [85] Nishiyama N, Moriguchi T, Morihara N, et al. (2001) Ameliorative effect of S-allylcysteine, a major thioallyl constituent in aged garlic extract, on learning deficits in senescenceaccelerated mice. J Nutr 131: 1093–1095. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.1093S
    [86] Pérez-Severiano F, Salvatierra-Sánchez R, Rodríguez-Pérez M, et al. (2004) SAllylcysteine prevents amyloid-beta peptide-induced oxidative stress in rat hippocampus and ameliorates learning deficits. Eur J Pharmacol 489: 197–202. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.001
    [87] Kalantari H, Salehi M (2001) The protective effect of garlic oil on hepatototoxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice and comparison with N-acetylcysteine. Saudi Med J 22: 1080–1084.
    [88] Tirranem LS, Borodina EV, Ushakova SA, et al. (2001) Effect of volatile metabolites of dill, radish and garlic on growth of bacteria. Acta Astronaut 49: 105–108. doi: 10.1016/S0094-5765(01)00006-6
    [89] Senapati SK, Dey S, Dwivedi SK, et al. (2001) Effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract on tissue lead level in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 76: 229–332.
    [90] Kannar D, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Savage GS, et al. (2001) Hypocholestrolemic effect of an enteric-coated garlic supplement. J Am Coll Nut 20: 225–231. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2001.10719036
    [91] McNulty CA, Wilson MP, Havinga W, et al. (2001) A Pilot study to determine the effectiveness of garlic oil Capsules in the treatment of dyspeptic patients with Helicobacter Pylori.Helicobacter 6: 249–253. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2001.00036.x
    [92] Cicero AF, Derosa G, Gaddi A (2004) What do herbalists suggest to diabetic patients in order to improve glycemic control? Evaluation of scientific evidence and potential risks. Acta Diabetol41: 91–98.
    [93] Josling P (2001) Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: Adouble-blind, placebo-comtrolled survey. Adv Ther 18: 189–193. doi: 10.1007/BF02850113
    [94] Williamson EM (2005) Interactions between herbal and conventional medicines. Expert Opin Drag Sas 4: 355–378. doi: 10.1517/14740338.4.2.355
    [95] Warren Grant Magnuson clinical center, National Institutes of Health Drug-Nutrient interaction Task force (2003) Maryland USA, Important information to know when you are taking: Coumadin and vitamin k. Acta Diabetol 41: 91–98.
    [96] IZZO AA, Di-carlo G, Borrelli F, et al. (2005) Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: The risk of drug interaction. Int J Cardiol 98: 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.06.039
    [97] Tattelman E (2005) Health effects of Garlic. Am Fam Physician 72: 103–106.
    [98] Jabbari A, Argani H, Ghorbanihaghgo A, et al. (2005) Comparision between swallowing and chewing of garlic on levels of serum lipids, cyclosporine, creatinine and lipid peroxidation in renal tnansplant recipient. Lipids Health Dis: 72–77.
    [99] Hagdon Jane (2005) Garlic and organosulfur compounds. Plant Bioact Res Institute, orem, utah, USA, 1–8.
    [100] Lee Moffitt (2005) Herbal supplements that modulate coagulation in cancer patients. Cancer Control Res Institute 12: 149–157. doi: 10.1177/107327480501200302
    [101] Ramsay NA, Kenny MW, Davies G, et al. (2005) Complimentary and alternative medicine use among patients starting warfarin. Br J Haematol 130: 777–780. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05689.x
    [102] Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckman J (2004) Herbal medicine: Expanded commission E Monographs. American Botanical Council. Newton: Integrative medicine Communication, 1029 Chestnut street, 139–148.
    [103] Lawson LD (2004) A review of its medicinal effect and indicated active compounds. In: Lawson, LD., Bauer, R., Eds. Phytomedicines of Europe: Chemistry and Biological Activity. Washington, Dc: American Chemical Society Symposium Series 691, 176–209.
    [104] Fakhar H, Hashemi Tayer A (2012) Effect of the garlic pill in comparison with Plavix on platelet aggregation and bleeding Time. Iran J Ped Hematol Oncol 2: 146–152.
    [105] Al-Qattan KK, Thomson M, Al-Mutawa'a S, et al. (2006) Nitric oxide mediates the blood-pressure lowering effect of garlic in the rat two-kidney, one-clip model of hypertension. J Nutr 136: 774S–776S. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.3.774S
    [106] Sharifi AM, Darabi R, Akbarloo N (2003) Investigation of antihypertensive mechanism of garlic in 2K1C hypertensive rat. J Ethnopharmacol 86: 219–224. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00080-1
    [107] Morihara N, Sumioka I, Moriguchi T, et al. (2002) Aged garlic extract enhances production of nitric oxide. Life Sci 71: 509–517. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01706-X
    [108] Benavides GA, Squadrito GL, Mills RW, et al. (2007) Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 17977–17982. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705710104
    [109] Chuah SC, Moore PK, Zhu YZ (2007) S-allylcysteine mediates cardioprotection in an acute myocardial infarction rat model via a hydrogen sulfide-mediated pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293: H2693–H2701. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00853.2007
    [110] Shouk R, Abdou A, Shetty K, et al. (2014) Mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of garlic bioactives. Nutr Res 34: 106–115. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.12.005
    [111] Karin Rie, Peter Fakler (2014) Potential of garlic (Allium sativum) in lowering high blood pressure: Mechanisms of action and clinical relevance. Integr Blood Press Control 7: 71–82.
    [112] Ried K (2014) Effect of garlic on blood pressure, serum cholesterol and immunity: Updated meta-analyses and review. J Nutr 71–82.
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(7848) PDF downloads(2335) Cited by(5)

Article outline

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog