Incidence of Top 6 shiga toxigenic <em>Escherichia coli</em> within two Ontario beef processing facilities: Challenges in screening and confirmation testing

Jessica Bannon; Mohammad Melebari; Cleso Jordao Jr; Carlos G Leon-Velarde; Keith Warriner; Jessica Bannon; Mohammad Melebari; Cleso Jordao Jr; Carlos G Leon-Velarde; Keith Warriner

doi:10.3934/microbiol.2016.3.278

AIMS Microbiology

2016, Volume 2, Issue 3: 278-291. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2016.3.278

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Incidence of Top 6 shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli within two Ontario beef processing facilities: Challenges in screening and confirmation testing

1.
Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
2.
Agriculture and Food Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1H 8H7, Canada

Received: 01 July 2016 Accepted: 08 August 2016 Published: 10 August 2016

The incidence of the Top 6 STEC serotypes was determined in two beef slaughter houses. In total, 328 samples were taken of hides, de-hided carcasses and the plant environment. Samples were enriched in Tryptic Soy Broth containing novobiocin then screened using RT-PCR GeneDisk^Ò system that targeted stx, eae and wzx genes. It was found that 92.5% (172 of 186) of the hide samples. 72.5% (29 of 40) de-hided samples and 84.3% (86 of 102) of the environmental samples returned presumptive positive results. Serotypes O103, O45 and O121 were most commonly encountered although all the Top 6 serotypes were represented within individual samples. However, attempts to recover the Top 6 serotypes by culturing proved unsuccessful despite screening up to 20 colonies per CHROMAgar^® plate of enriched sample. The reasons for the discrepancy between the RT-PCR and culture methods were found to be due to low levels of the target in enriched samples, presence of virulence factors in different cells and also the transient retention of stx. With regards the latter it was found that strains harboring a full set of virulence factors (eae, stx) were more common in grown cultures held post-incubation at 4 °C for 14 days. Moreover, no stx gene was recovered when isolates were sub-cultured on TSA but was present in the same strains grown on CHROMAgar^®. In total 39 STEC isolates were recovered with the majority harboring stx₁, stx₂, eae and hylA. Only 3 of the isolates had stable complement of virulence factors and were identified as O172:H28, O76:H7 and O187:H52. Although no Top 6 STEC were isolated the presence of virulent strains on carcasses with the potential to cause Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome is of concern. The significance of those STEC that transiently harbor virulence factors is unclear although clearly impacts on diagnostic performance robustness when screening for the Top 6 non-O157 STEC.
- STEC,
- Top 6,
- Escherichia coli,
- RT-PCR,
- cattle,
- beef,
- stx,
- eae
Citation: Jessica Bannon, Mohammad Melebari, Cleso Jordao Jr, Carlos G Leon-Velarde, Keith Warriner. Incidence of Top 6 shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli within two Ontario beef processing facilities: Challenges in screening and confirmation testing[J]. AIMS Microbiology, 2016, 2(3): 278-291. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2016.3.278

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Abstract

The incidence of the Top 6 STEC serotypes was determined in two beef slaughter houses. In total, 328 samples were taken of hides, de-hided carcasses and the plant environment. Samples were enriched in Tryptic Soy Broth containing novobiocin then screened using RT-PCR GeneDisk^Ò system that targeted stx, eae and wzx genes. It was found that 92.5% (172 of 186) of the hide samples. 72.5% (29 of 40) de-hided samples and 84.3% (86 of 102) of the environmental samples returned presumptive positive results. Serotypes O103, O45 and O121 were most commonly encountered although all the Top 6 serotypes were represented within individual samples. However, attempts to recover the Top 6 serotypes by culturing proved unsuccessful despite screening up to 20 colonies per CHROMAgar^® plate of enriched sample. The reasons for the discrepancy between the RT-PCR and culture methods were found to be due to low levels of the target in enriched samples, presence of virulence factors in different cells and also the transient retention of stx. With regards the latter it was found that strains harboring a full set of virulence factors (eae, stx) were more common in grown cultures held post-incubation at 4 °C for 14 days. Moreover, no stx gene was recovered when isolates were sub-cultured on TSA but was present in the same strains grown on CHROMAgar^®. In total 39 STEC isolates were recovered with the majority harboring stx₁, stx₂, eae and hylA. Only 3 of the isolates had stable complement of virulence factors and were identified as O172:H28, O76:H7 and O187:H52. Although no Top 6 STEC were isolated the presence of virulent strains on carcasses with the potential to cause Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome is of concern. The significance of those STEC that transiently harbor virulence factors is unclear although clearly impacts on diagnostic performance robustness when screening for the Top 6 non-O157 STEC.

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