Changes in soft coral <em>Sarcophyton</em> sp. abundance and cytotoxicity at volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> seeps in Indonesia

Hedi Indra Januar; Neviaty Putri Zamani; Dedi Soedarma; Ekowati Chasanah; Hedi Indra Januar; Neviaty Putri Zamani; Dedi Soedarma; Ekowati Chasanah

doi:10.3934/environsci.2016.2.239

AIMS Environmental Science

2016, Volume 3, Issue 2: 239-248. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2016.2.239

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Research article

Changes in soft coral Sarcophyton sp. abundance and cytotoxicity at volcanic CO₂ seeps in Indonesia

1.
Indonesian Research and Development Center for Marine and Fisheries Products Processing and Biotechnology, KS Tubun Petamburan VI Street, Slipi, Central Jakarta 10260, Indonesia
2.
Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB, Darmaga Raya Street, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

Received: 18 January 2016 Accepted: 19 April 2016 Published: 25 April 2016

This study presents the relationship between benthic cover of Sarcophyton sp. living on coral reefs and their cytotoxicity (an assumption of soft coral allelochemical levels) along acidification gradients caused by shallow water volcanic vent systems. Stations with moderate acidification (pH 7.87 ± 0.04), low acidification (pH 8.01 ± 0.04), and reference conditions (pH 8.2 ± 0.02) were selected near an Indonesian CO₂ seep (Minahasa, Gunung Api Island, and Mahengetang Island). Cover of the dominant soft coral species (Sarcophyton sp.) was assessed and tissue samples were collected at each site. The cytotoxicity tissue extracts were analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolinon bromide (MTT) method. Levels of cytotoxicity were strongly correlated with Sarcophyton sp. cover (p < 0.05; R² = 0.60 at 30 ppm and 0.56 at 100 ppm), being highest at mean pH 8.01 where the soft corals were most abundant. This finding suggests that Sarcophyton sp. can be expected to survive ocean acidification near Indonesia in the coming decades. How the species might be adversely affected by further ocean acidification later in the century unless CO₂ emissions are reduced remains a concern.
- Soft coral,
- Sarcophyton sp.,
- cytotoxic metabolites,
- ocean acidification
Citation: Hedi Indra Januar, Neviaty Putri Zamani, Dedi Soedarma, Ekowati Chasanah. Changes in soft coral Sarcophyton sp. abundance and cytotoxicity at volcanic CO2 seeps in Indonesia[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2016, 3(2): 239-248. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2016.2.239

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Abstract

This study presents the relationship between benthic cover of Sarcophyton sp. living on coral reefs and their cytotoxicity (an assumption of soft coral allelochemical levels) along acidification gradients caused by shallow water volcanic vent systems. Stations with moderate acidification (pH 7.87 ± 0.04), low acidification (pH 8.01 ± 0.04), and reference conditions (pH 8.2 ± 0.02) were selected near an Indonesian CO₂ seep (Minahasa, Gunung Api Island, and Mahengetang Island). Cover of the dominant soft coral species (Sarcophyton sp.) was assessed and tissue samples were collected at each site. The cytotoxicity tissue extracts were analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolinon bromide (MTT) method. Levels of cytotoxicity were strongly correlated with Sarcophyton sp. cover (p < 0.05; R² = 0.60 at 30 ppm and 0.56 at 100 ppm), being highest at mean pH 8.01 where the soft corals were most abundant. This finding suggests that Sarcophyton sp. can be expected to survive ocean acidification near Indonesia in the coming decades. How the species might be adversely affected by further ocean acidification later in the century unless CO₂ emissions are reduced remains a concern.

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