Global analysis of carbon disulfide (CS<sub>2</sub>) using the 3-D chemistry transport model STOCHEM

Anwar Khan; Benjamin Razis; Simon Gillespie; Carl Percival; Dudley Shallcross; Anwar Khan; Benjamin Razis; Simon Gillespie; Carl Percival; Dudley Shallcross

doi:10.3934/environsci.2017.3.484

AIMS Environmental Science

2017, Volume 4, Issue 3: 484-501. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2017.3.484

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Research article

Global analysis of carbon disulfide (CS₂) using the 3-D chemistry transport model STOCHEM

1.
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
2.
The Centre for Atmospheric Science, The School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Simon Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

Received: 13 March 2017 Accepted: 17 May 2017 Published: 22 May 2017

Carbon disulfide (CS₂), a precursor to the long-lived carbonyl sulphide (OCS) is one of the main contributors to the atmospheric sulfate layer. The annual fluxes from its sources and sinks are investigated using a 3-D chemistry transport model, STOCHEM-CRI. In terms of the flux analysis, the oxidation of CS₂ by OH is found to be the main removal process (76–88% of the total loss) and the dry deposition loss contributes 11–24% to the total loss of CS₂. The global burden of CS₂ was calculated, varying between 6.1 to 19.2 Tg and the lifetime of CS₂was determined to be within the range of 2.8–3.4 days. The global distribution of CS₂ found the Northern Hemisphere (NH) continental landmasses to be the areas of concentration maxima with peak concentrations reaching up to 20 ppt during June-July-August (J-J-A) season and 40 ppt during December-January-February (D-J-F) season in anthropogenic source regions. Oceanic regions returned low CS₂ levels of less than 2 ppt. The vertical profile of CS₂ shows higher levels up to 3 ppt at 30°N–45°N during J-J-A and up to 4 ppt at 30°N–55°N during D-J-F. The oxidation of CS₂by OH can produce a substantial amount (0.58 Tg/yr) of atmospheric OCS and the annual average surface distribution of this flux shows up to 6 Gg/yr OCS formed in the regions with highest anthropogenic pollution (e.g., South east Asia). In general, the model-measurement comparison reveals an underprediction of model CS₂ compared with measured CS₂ for most of the regions. It is likely that the emissions of CS₂ are being underestimated and there are likely much larger emission sources of atmospheric CS₂ than previously suggested.
- Carbon disulfide,
- chemistry transport model,
- global budget,
- surface distribution,
- zonal distribution
Citation: Anwar Khan, Benjamin Razis, Simon Gillespie, Carl Percival, Dudley Shallcross. Global analysis of carbon disulfide (CS2) using the 3-D chemistry transport model STOCHEM[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2017, 4(3): 484-501. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2017.3.484

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Abstract

Carbon disulfide (CS₂), a precursor to the long-lived carbonyl sulphide (OCS) is one of the main contributors to the atmospheric sulfate layer. The annual fluxes from its sources and sinks are investigated using a 3-D chemistry transport model, STOCHEM-CRI. In terms of the flux analysis, the oxidation of CS₂ by OH is found to be the main removal process (76–88% of the total loss) and the dry deposition loss contributes 11–24% to the total loss of CS₂. The global burden of CS₂ was calculated, varying between 6.1 to 19.2 Tg and the lifetime of CS₂was determined to be within the range of 2.8–3.4 days. The global distribution of CS₂ found the Northern Hemisphere (NH) continental landmasses to be the areas of concentration maxima with peak concentrations reaching up to 20 ppt during June-July-August (J-J-A) season and 40 ppt during December-January-February (D-J-F) season in anthropogenic source regions. Oceanic regions returned low CS₂ levels of less than 2 ppt. The vertical profile of CS₂ shows higher levels up to 3 ppt at 30°N–45°N during J-J-A and up to 4 ppt at 30°N–55°N during D-J-F. The oxidation of CS₂by OH can produce a substantial amount (0.58 Tg/yr) of atmospheric OCS and the annual average surface distribution of this flux shows up to 6 Gg/yr OCS formed in the regions with highest anthropogenic pollution (e.g., South east Asia). In general, the model-measurement comparison reveals an underprediction of model CS₂ compared with measured CS₂ for most of the regions. It is likely that the emissions of CS₂ are being underestimated and there are likely much larger emission sources of atmospheric CS₂ than previously suggested.

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