Into the chromatin world: Role of nuclear architecture in epigenome regulation

Andrea Bianchi; Chiara Lanzuolo; Andrea Bianchi; Chiara Lanzuolo

doi:10.3934/biophy.2015.4.585

AIMS Biophysics

2015, Volume 2, Issue 4: 585-612. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2015.4.585

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Into the chromatin world: Role of nuclear architecture in epigenome regulation

Andrea Bianchi ^1,2,
Chiara Lanzuolo ^{1,2
,
,}

1.
CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome, Italy;
2.
Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan, Italy

Received: 27 July 2015 Accepted: 25 October 2015 Published: 29 October 2015

Epigenome modifications are established early in development and differentiation and generate distinct levels of chromatin complexity. The specific position of chromosomes and the compaction state of chromatin are both typical features that make it possible to distinguish between repressive and permissive environment for gene expression. In this review we describe the distinct levels of epigenome structures, emphasizing the role of nuclear architecture in the control of gene expression. Recent novel insights have increasingly demonstrated that the nuclear environment can influence nuclear processes such as gene expression and DNA repair. These findings have revealed a further important aspect of the chromatin modifications, suggesting that a proper crosstalk between chromatin and nuclear components, such as lamins or nuclear pores, is required to ensure the correct functioning of the nucleus and that this assumes a crucial role in many pathologies and diseases. Knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms behind most of these developmental and disease-related defects remains incomplete; the influence of the nuclear architecture on chromatin function may provide a new perspective for understanding these phenotypes.
- chromatin higher order structures,
- nuclear architecture,
- Polycomb,
- gene expression regulation, compartmentalization
Citation: Andrea Bianchi, Chiara Lanzuolo. Into the chromatin world: Role of nuclear architecture in epigenome regulation[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2015, 2(4): 585-612. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2015.4.585

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Abstract

Epigenome modifications are established early in development and differentiation and generate distinct levels of chromatin complexity. The specific position of chromosomes and the compaction state of chromatin are both typical features that make it possible to distinguish between repressive and permissive environment for gene expression. In this review we describe the distinct levels of epigenome structures, emphasizing the role of nuclear architecture in the control of gene expression. Recent novel insights have increasingly demonstrated that the nuclear environment can influence nuclear processes such as gene expression and DNA repair. These findings have revealed a further important aspect of the chromatin modifications, suggesting that a proper crosstalk between chromatin and nuclear components, such as lamins or nuclear pores, is required to ensure the correct functioning of the nucleus and that this assumes a crucial role in many pathologies and diseases. Knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms behind most of these developmental and disease-related defects remains incomplete; the influence of the nuclear architecture on chromatin function may provide a new perspective for understanding these phenotypes.

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