Tissue interactions, cell signaling and transcriptional control in the cranial mesoderm during craniofacial development

Xiaochen Fan; David A F Loebel; Heidi Bildsoe; Emilie E Wilkie; Jing Qin; Junwen Wang; Patrick P L Tam; Xiaochen Fan; David A F Loebel; Heidi Bildsoe; Emilie E Wilkie; Jing Qin; Junwen Wang; Patrick P L Tam

doi:10.3934/genet.2016.1.74

AIMS Genetics

2016, Volume 3, Issue 1: 74-98. doi: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.74

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Tissue interactions, cell signaling and transcriptional control in the cranial mesoderm during craniofacial development

1.
Embryology Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
2.
Bioinformatics Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
3.
School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
4.
Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Scottsdale AZ 85259, USA
5.
School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

Received: 29 February 2016 Accepted: 05 April 2016 Published: 11 April 2016

The cranial neural crest and the cranial mesoderm are the source of tissues from which the bone and cartilage of the skull, face and jaws are constructed. The development of the cranial mesoderm is not well studied, which is inconsistent with its importance in craniofacial morphogenesis as a source of precursor tissue of the chondrocranium, muscles, vasculature and connective tissues, mechanical support for tissue morphogenesis, and the signaling activity that mediate interactions with the cranial neural crest. Phenotypic analysis of conditional knockout mouse mutants, complemented by the transcriptome analysis of differentially enriched genes in the cranial mesoderm and cranial neural crest, have identified signaling pathways that may mediate cross-talk between the two tissues. In the cranial mesenchyme, Bmp4 is expressed in the mesoderm cells while its signaling activity could impact on both the mesoderm and the neural crest cells. In contrast, Fgf8 is predominantly expressed in the cranial neural crest cells and it influences skeletal development and myogenesis in the cranial mesoderm. WNT signaling, which emanates from the cranial neural crest cells, interacts with BMP and FGF signaling in monitoring the switch between tissue progenitor expansion and differentiation. The transcription factor Twist1, a critical molecular regulator of many aspects of craniofacial development, coordinates the activity of the above pathways in cranial mesoderm and cranial neural crest tissue compartments.
- Craniofacial development,
- Cranial mesoderm,
- Cranial neural crest,
- Twist1,
- Mesenchymal maintenance,
- Transcriptional regulation
Citation: Xiaochen Fan, David A F Loebel, Heidi Bildsoe, Emilie E Wilkie, Jing Qin, Junwen Wang, Patrick P L Tam. Tissue interactions, cell signaling and transcriptional control in the cranial mesoderm during craniofacial development[J]. AIMS Genetics, 2016, 3(1): 74-98. doi: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.74

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Abstract

The cranial neural crest and the cranial mesoderm are the source of tissues from which the bone and cartilage of the skull, face and jaws are constructed. The development of the cranial mesoderm is not well studied, which is inconsistent with its importance in craniofacial morphogenesis as a source of precursor tissue of the chondrocranium, muscles, vasculature and connective tissues, mechanical support for tissue morphogenesis, and the signaling activity that mediate interactions with the cranial neural crest. Phenotypic analysis of conditional knockout mouse mutants, complemented by the transcriptome analysis of differentially enriched genes in the cranial mesoderm and cranial neural crest, have identified signaling pathways that may mediate cross-talk between the two tissues. In the cranial mesenchyme, Bmp4 is expressed in the mesoderm cells while its signaling activity could impact on both the mesoderm and the neural crest cells. In contrast, Fgf8 is predominantly expressed in the cranial neural crest cells and it influences skeletal development and myogenesis in the cranial mesoderm. WNT signaling, which emanates from the cranial neural crest cells, interacts with BMP and FGF signaling in monitoring the switch between tissue progenitor expansion and differentiation. The transcription factor Twist1, a critical molecular regulator of many aspects of craniofacial development, coordinates the activity of the above pathways in cranial mesoderm and cranial neural crest tissue compartments.

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