Review Topical Sections

Dietary influence on estrogens and cytokines in breast cancer

  • Received: 18 May 2017 Accepted: 12 July 2017 Published: 20 July 2017
  • Breast cancer affects one out of eight women in their lifetime. Many factors contribute to the development of breast cancer, such as hereditary mutations and lifetime exposure to environmental factors, including estrogen. In addition, overweight and obesity, especially with increased waist circumference, are known to be associated with breast cancer risk. This review will summarize our understanding of the effect of diet on breast cancer incidence and progression. Since some inflammatory cytokines that are changed by a high-fat diet are known to promote the growth of breast cancer cells, these cytokines may serve as biomarkers to monitor the dietary influence for women at high risk of breast cancer and as future therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment.

    Citation: Xin Nian, Yasuhiro Nagai, Cameron Jeffers, Kara N. Maxwell, Hongtao Zhang. Dietary influence on estrogens and cytokines in breast cancer[J]. AIMS Molecular Science, 2017, 4(3): 252-270. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2017.3.252

    Related Papers:

  • Breast cancer affects one out of eight women in their lifetime. Many factors contribute to the development of breast cancer, such as hereditary mutations and lifetime exposure to environmental factors, including estrogen. In addition, overweight and obesity, especially with increased waist circumference, are known to be associated with breast cancer risk. This review will summarize our understanding of the effect of diet on breast cancer incidence and progression. Since some inflammatory cytokines that are changed by a high-fat diet are known to promote the growth of breast cancer cells, these cytokines may serve as biomarkers to monitor the dietary influence for women at high risk of breast cancer and as future therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment.


    加载中
    [1] Howlader N, Noone A, Krapcho M, et al. (2015) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2012, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD. 2015.
    [2] Tomasetti C, Li L, Vogelstein B (2017) Stem cell divisions, somatic mutations, cancer etiology, and cancer prevention. Science 355: 1330-1334. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf9011
    [3] Cancer Research UK, Statistics on preventable cancers. 2017. Available from: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/risk/preventable-cancers#heading-One
    [4] Colditz GA, Hankinson SE (2005) The Nurses' Health Study: lifestyle and health among women. Nat Rev Cancer 5: 388-396. doi: 10.1038/nrc1608
    [5] Boeke CE, Eliassen AH, Chen WY, et al. (2014) Dietary fat intake in relation to lethal breast cancer in two large prospective cohort studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 146: 383-392. doi: 10.1007/s10549-014-3005-8
    [6] Farvid MS, Cho E, Chen WY, et al. (2014) Premenopausal dietary fat in relation to pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 145: 255-265. doi: 10.1007/s10549-014-2895-9
    [7] Sasaki S, Horacsek M, Kesteloot H (1993) An ecological study of the relationship between dietary fat intake and breast cancer mortality. Prev Med 22: 187-202. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1993.1016
    [8] Chlebowski RT, Blackburn GL, Thomson CA, et al. (2006) Dietary fat reduction and breast cancer outcome: interim efficacy results from the Women's Intervention Nutrition Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 98: 1767-1776. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djj494
    [9] Chlebowski RT (2013) Nutrition and physical activity influence on breast cancer incidence and outcome. Breast 22 Suppl 2: S30-37.
    [10] Pierce JP, Natarajan L, Caan BJ, et al. (2007) Influence of a diet very high in vegetables, fruit, and fiber and low in fat on prognosis following treatment for breast cancer: the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) randomized trial. JAMA 298: 289-298. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.3.289
    [11] Sieri S, Chiodini P, Agnoli C, et al. (2014) Dietary fat intake and development of specific breast cancer subtypes. J Natl Cancer Inst 106.
    [12] Cao Y, Hou L, Wang W (2016) Dietary total fat and fatty acids intake, serum fatty acids and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cancer 138: 1894-1904. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29938
    [13] Bagga D, Anders KH, Wang HJ, et al. (2002) Long-chain n-3-to-n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in breast adipose tissue from women with and without breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 42: 180-185. doi: 10.1207/S15327914NC422_5
    [14] Murff HJ, Shu XO, Li H, et al. (2011) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in Chinese women: a prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 128: 1434-1441. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25703
    [15] Gago-Dominguez M, Yuan JM, Sun CL, et al. (2003) Opposing effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on mammary carcinogenesis: The Singapore Chinese Health Study. Br J Cancer 89: 1686-1692. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601340
    [16] Khankari NK, Bradshaw PT, Steck SE, et al. (2015) Dietary intake of fish, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and survival after breast cancer: A population-based follow-up study on Long Island, New York. Cancer 121: 2244-2252. doi: 10.1002/cncr.29329
    [17] Wakai K, Tamakoshi K, Date C, et al. (2005) Dietary intakes of fat and fatty acids and risk of breast cancer: a prospective study in Japan. Cancer Sci 96: 590-599. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00084.x
    [18] Kiyabu GY, Inoue M, Saito E, et al. (2015) Fish, n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and n - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and breast cancer risk: The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Int J Cancer 137: 2915-2926. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29672
    [19] Bagga D, Wang L, Farias-Eisner R, et al. (2003) Differential effects of prostaglandin derived from omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on COX-2 expression and IL-6 secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 1751-1756. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0334211100
    [20] Chenais B, Blanckaert V (2012) The janus face of lipids in human breast cancer: how polyunsaturated Fatty acids affect tumor cell hallmarks. Int J Breast Cancer 2012: 712536.
    [21] Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G (2016) Does a Mediterranean-Type Diet Reduce Cancer Risk? Curr Nutr Rep 5: 9-17. doi: 10.1007/s13668-015-0141-7
    [22] van den Brandt PA, Schulpen M (2017) Mediterranean diet adherence and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: results of a cohort study and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 140: 2220-2231. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30654
    [23] Pot GK, Stephen AM, Dahm CC, et al. (2014) Dietary patterns derived with multiple methods from food diaries and breast cancer risk in the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium. Eur J Clin Nutr 68: 1353-1358. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.135
    [24] Toledo E, Salas-Salvado J, Donat-Vargas C, et al. (2015) Mediterranean Diet and Invasive Breast Cancer Risk Among Women at High Cardiovascular Risk in the PREDIMED Trial: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 175: 1752-1760. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.4838
    [25] Farvid MS, Chen WY, Michels KB, et al. (2016) Fruit and vegetable consumption in adolescence and early adulthood and risk of breast cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ 353: i2343.
    [26] Liu Y, Colditz GA, Cotterchio M, et al. (2014) Adolescent dietary fiber, vegetable fat, vegetable protein, and nut intakes and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 145: 461-470. doi: 10.1007/s10549-014-2953-3
    [27] Dam MK, Hvidtfeldt UA, Tjonneland A, et al. (2016) Five year change in alcohol intake and risk of breast cancer and coronary heart disease among postmenopausal women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 353: i2314.
    [28] Dong JY, Qin LQ (2011) Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 126: 287-294. doi: 10.1007/s10549-011-1343-3
    [29] Inoue-Choi M, Sinha R, Gierach GL, et al. (2016) Red and processed meat, nitrite, and heme iron intakes and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Int J Cancer 138: 1609-1618. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29901
    [30] Touvier M, Fassier P, His M, et al. (2015) Cholesterol and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Nutr 114: 347-357. doi: 10.1017/S000711451500183X
    [31] Tornberg SA, Holm LE, Carstensen JM (1988) Breast cancer risk in relation to serum cholesterol, serum beta-lipoprotein, height, weight, and blood pressure. Acta Oncol 27: 31-37. doi: 10.3109/02841868809090315
    [32] Vatten LJ, Foss OP (1990) Total serum cholesterol and triglycerides and risk of breast cancer: a prospective study of 24,329 Norwegian women. Cancer Res 50: 2341-2346.
    [33] Furberg AS, Jasienska G, Bjurstam N, et al. (2005) Metabolic and hormonal profiles: HDL cholesterol as a plausible biomarker of breast cancer risk. The Norwegian EBBA Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14: 33-40.
    [34] Ha M, Sung J, Song YM (2009) Serum total cholesterol and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal Korean women. Cancer Causes Control 20: 1055-1060. doi: 10.1007/s10552-009-9301-7
    [35] Kitahara CM, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Freedman ND, et al. (2011) Total cholesterol and cancer risk in a large prospective study in Korea. J Clin Oncol 29: 1592-1598. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.31.5200
    [36] Li C, Yang L, Zhang D, et al. (2016) Systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that dietary cholesterol intake increases risk of breast cancer. Nutr Res 36: 627-635. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.04.009
    [37] McDonnell DP, Park S, Goulet MT, et al. (2014) Obesity, cholesterol metabolism, and breast cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Res 74: 4976-4982. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1756
    [38] Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V, et al. (2007) Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. BMJ 335: 1134. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39367.495995.AE
    [39] Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Egger M (2015) Adiposity and cancer risk: new mechanistic insights from epidemiology. Nat Rev Cancer 15: 484-498. doi: 10.1038/nrc3967
    [40] Baumgartner KB, Hunt WC, Baumgartner RN, et al. (2004) Association of body composition and weight history with breast cancer prognostic markers: divergent pattern for Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women. Am J Epidemiol 160: 1087-1097. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh313
    [41] Harris HR, Willett WC, Terry KL, et al. (2011) Body fat distribution and risk of premenopausal breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study II. J Natl Cancer Inst 103: 273-278. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djq500
    [42] Jiralerspong S, Goodwin PJ (2016) Obesity and Breast Cancer Prognosis: Evidence, Challenges, and Opportunities. J Clin Oncol 34: 4203-4216. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.68.4480
    [43] Arce-Salinas C, Aguilar-Ponce JL, Villarreal-Garza C, et al. (2014) Overweight and obesity as poor prognostic factors in locally advanced breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 146: 183-188. doi: 10.1007/s10549-014-2977-8
    [44] Printz C (2014) Obesity associated with higher mortality in women with ER-positive breast cancer. Cancer 120: 3267. doi: 10.1002/cncr.29079
    [45] Ottobelli Chielle E, de Souza WM, da Silva TP, et al. (2016) Adipocytokines, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers of clinical relevance altered in young overweight/obese subjects. Clin Biochem 49: 548-553. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.01.003
    [46] Bulun SE, Chen D, Moy I, et al. (2012) Aromatase, breast cancer and obesity: a complex interaction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 23: 83-89. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.10.003
    [47] Creighton CJ, Sada YH, Zhang Y, et al. (2012) A gene transcription signature of obesity in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 132: 993-1000. doi: 10.1007/s10549-011-1595-y
    [48] Perks CM, Holly JM (2011) Hormonal mechanisms underlying the relationship between obesity and breast cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 40: 485-507, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2011.05.010
    [49] Vadgama JV, Wu Y, Datta G, et al. (1999) Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and serum IGF-binding protein 3 can be associated with the progression of breast cancer, and predict the risk of recurrence and the probability of survival in African-American and Hispanic women. Oncology 57: 330-340. doi: 10.1159/000012052
    [50] Kaaks R, Lundin E, Rinaldi S, et al. (2002) Prospective study of IGF-I, IGF-binding proteins, and breast cancer risk, in northern and southern Sweden. Cancer Causes Control 13: 307-316. doi: 10.1023/A:1015270324325
    [51] Sugumar A, Liu YC, Xia Q, et al. (2004) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein 3 and the risk of premenopausal breast cancer: a meta-analysis of literature. Int J Cancer 111: 293-297. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20253
    [52] Renehan AG, Harvie M, Howell A (2006) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and breast cancer risk: eight years on. Endocr Relat Cancer 13: 273-278. doi: 10.1677/erc.1.01219
    [53] Endogenous H, Breast Cancer Collaborative G, Key TJ, et al. (2010) Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and breast cancer risk: pooled individual data analysis of 17 prospective studies. Lancet Oncol 11: 530-542. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70095-4
    [54] Rinaldi S, Peeters PH, Berrino F, et al. (2006) IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and breast cancer risk in women: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Endocr Relat Cancer 13: 593-605. doi: 10.1677/erc.1.01150
    [55] Allen NE, Roddam AW, Allen DS, et al. (2005) A prospective study of serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-3 and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 92: 1283-1287. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602471
    [56] Rinaldi S, Kaaks R, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, et al. (2005) Insulin-like growth factor-I, IGF binding protein-3, and breast cancer in young women: a comparison of risk estimates using different peptide assays. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14: 48-52.
    [57] Schairer C, Hill D, Sturgeon SR, et al. (2004) Serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and c-peptide and risk of hyperplasia and cancer of the breast in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 108: 773-779. doi: 10.1002/ijc.11624
    [58] Signori C, DuBrock C, Richie JP, et al. (2012) Administration of omega-3 fatty acids and Raloxifene to women at high risk of breast cancer: interim feasibility and biomarkers analysis from a clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 66: 878-884. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.60
    [59] Kabat GC, Kim M, Caan BJ, et al. (2009) Repeated measures of serum glucose and insulin in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer 125: 2704-2710. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24609
    [60] Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, et al. (2012) Insulin- and obesity-related variables in early-stage breast cancer: correlations and time course of prognostic associations. J Clin Oncol 30: 164-171.
    [61] Sun W, Lu J, Wu S, et al. (2016) Association of insulin resistance with breast, ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancers in non-diabetic women. Am J Cancer Res 6: 2334-2344.
    [62] Lee JO, Kim N, Lee HJ, et al. (2016) Resistin, a fat-derived secretory factor, promotes metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells through ERM activation. Sci Rep 6: 18923. doi: 10.1038/srep18923
    [63] Sun CA, Wu MH, Chu CH, et al. (2010) Adipocytokine resistin and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 123: 869-876. doi: 10.1007/s10549-010-0792-4
    [64] Dalamaga M, Sotiropoulos G, Karmaniolas K, et al. (2013) Serum resistin: a biomarker of breast cancer in postmenopausal women? Association with clinicopathological characteristics, tumor markers, inflammatory and metabolic parameters. Clin Biochem 46: 584-590.
    [65] Georgiou GP, Provatopoulou X, Kalogera E, et al. (2016) Serum resistin is inversely related to breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Breast 29: 163-169. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2016.07.025
    [66] Rahbar AR, Nabipour I (2014) The relationship between dietary lipids and serum visfatin and adiponectin levels in postmenopausal women. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 14: 84-92. doi: 10.2174/1871530314666140527143009
    [67] Dalamaga M, Karmaniolas K, Papadavid E, et al. (2011) Elevated serum visfatin/nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase levels are associated with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer independently from adiponectin, leptin, and anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Menopause 18: 1198-1204. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31821e21f5
    [68] Lee YC, Yang YH, Su JH, et al. (2011) High visfatin expression in breast cancer tissue is associated with poor survival. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20: 1892-1901. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0399
    [69] Kim SR, Park HJ, Bae YH, et al. (2012) Curcumin down-regulates visfatin expression and inhibits breast cancer cell invasion. Endocrinology 153: 554-563. doi: 10.1210/en.2011-1413
    [70] Li C, Li J, Chen Y, et al. (2016) Effect of curcumin on visfatin and zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Cir Bras 31: 706-713. doi: 10.1590/s0102-865020160110000001
    [71] Gao Y, Wang C, Pan T, et al. (2014) Impact of metformin treatment and swimming exercise on visfatin levels in high-fat-induced obesity rats. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 58: 42-47. doi: 10.1590/0004-2730000002840
    [72] Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, et al. (1995) Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med 1: 1155-1161. doi: 10.1038/nm1195-1155
    [73] Thompson HJ, Sedlacek SM, Wolfe P, et al. (2015) Impact of Weight Loss on Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin in Overweight-to-Obese Post Menopausal Breast Cancer Survivors. Nutrients 7: 5156-5176. doi: 10.3390/nu7075156
    [74] Alshaker H, Wang Q, Frampton AE, et al. (2015) Sphingosine kinase 1 contributes to leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation through IL-6/gp130 transactivation in oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 149: 59-67. doi: 10.1007/s10549-014-3228-8
    [75] Park HS, Park JY, Yu R (2005) Relationship of obesity and visceral adiposity with serum concentrations of CRP, TNF-alpha and IL-6. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 69: 29-35. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2004.11.007
    [76] Bowers LW, Brenner AJ, Hursting SD, et al. (2015) Obesity-associated systemic interleukin-6 promotes pre-adipocyte aromatase expression via increased breast cancer cell prostaglandin E2 production. Breast Cancer Res Treat 149: 49-57. doi: 10.1007/s10549-014-3223-0
    [77] Imayama I, Ulrich CM, Alfano CM, et al. (2012) Effects of a caloric restriction weight loss diet and exercise on inflammatory biomarkers in overweight/obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Res 72: 2314-2326. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3092
    [78] Gao D, Rahbar R, Fish EN (2016) CCL5 activation of CCR5 regulates cell metabolism to enhance proliferation of breast cancer cells. Open Biol 6.
    [79] Svensson S, Abrahamsson A, Rodriguez GV, et al. (2015) CCL2 and CCL5 Are Novel Therapeutic Targets for Estrogen-Dependent Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 21: 3794-3805. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-0204
    [80] Yaal-Hahoshen N, Shina S, Leider-Trejo L, et al. (2006) The chemokine CCL5 as a potential prognostic factor predicting disease progression in stage II breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 12: 4474-4480. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0074
    [81] D'Esposito V, Liguoro D, Ambrosio MR, et al. (2016) Adipose microenvironment promotes triple negative breast cancer cell invasiveness and dissemination by producing CCL5. Oncotarget 7: 24495-24509.
    [82] Li BH, He FP, Yang X, et al. (2017) Steatosis induced CCL5 contributes to early-stage liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progress. Transl Res 180: 103-117 e104. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.08.006
    [83] Bell LN, Ward JL, Degawa-Yamauchi M, et al. (2006) Adipose tissue production of hepatocyte growth factor contributes to elevated serum HGF in obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291: E843-848. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2006
    [84] Sundaram S, Freemerman AJ, Johnson AR, et al. (2013) Role of HGF in obesity-associated tumorigenesis: C3(1)-TAg mice as a model for human basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 142: 489-503. doi: 10.1007/s10549-013-2741-5
    [85] Ristimaki A, Sivula A, Lundin J, et al. (2002) Prognostic significance of elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in breast cancer. Cancer Res 62: 632-635.
    [86] Khuder SA, Mutgi AB (2001) Breast cancer and NSAID use: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 84: 1188-1192. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1709
    [87] Brown KA, Simpson ER (2012) Obesity and breast cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 4: 2515-2524.
    [88] Davies NJ, Batehup L, Thomas R (2011) The role of diet and physical activity in breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer survivorship: a review of the literature. Br J Cancer 105 Suppl 1: S52-73.
    [89] Cuzick J, Warwick J, Pinney E, et al. (2011) Tamoxifen-induced reduction in mammographic density and breast cancer risk reduction: a nested case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 103: 744-752. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djr079
    [90] Kaaks R, Bellati C, Venturelli E, et al. (2003) Effects of dietary intervention on IGF-I and IGF-binding proteins, and related alterations in sex steroid metabolism: the Diet and Androgens (DIANA) Randomised Trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 57: 1079-1088. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601647
    [91] Wei M, Brandhorst S, Shelehchi M, et al. (2017) Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Sci Transl Med 9.
    [92] Sandhu N, Schetter SE, Liao J, et al. (2016) Influence of Obesity on Breast Density Reduction by Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Evidence from a Randomized Clinical Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 9: 275-282. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0235
    [93] Sanderson M, Peltz G, Perez A, et al. (2010) Diabetes, physical activity and breast cancer among Hispanic women. Cancer Epidemiol 34: 556-561. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.06.001
    [94] Irwin ML, Varma K, Alvarez-Reeves M, et al. (2009) Randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise on insulin and insulin-like growth factors in breast cancer survivors: the Yale Exercise and Survivorship study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18: 306-313. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0531
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2017 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(6102) PDF downloads(1030) Cited by(2)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Figures(1)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog