Aarskog-Scott syndrome: phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity

M. Reza Jabalameli; Ignacio Briceno; Julio Martinez; Ignacio Briceno; Reuben J. Pengelly; Sarah Ennis; Andrew Collins; M. Reza Jabalameli; Ignacio Briceno; Julio Martinez; Ignacio Briceno; Reuben J. Pengelly; Sarah Ennis; Andrew Collins

doi:10.3934/genet.2016.1.49

AIMS Genetics

2016, Volume 3, Issue 1: 49-59. doi: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.49

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Review

Aarskog-Scott syndrome: phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity

1.
Genetic Epidemiology & Genomic Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
2.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogota, Colombia
3.
Instituto de Genética Humana, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia

Received: 03 February 2016 Accepted: 20 March 2016 Published: 29 March 2016

Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is a rare developmental disorder which primarily affects males and has a relative prevalence of 1 in 25,000 in the general population. AAS patients usually present with developmental complications including short stature and facial, skeletal and urogenital anomalies. The spectrum of genotype-phenotype correlations in AAS is unclear and mutations of the FGD1 gene on the proximal short arm of chromosome X account for only 20% of the incidence of the disorder. Failure to identify pathogenic variants in patients referred for FGD1 screening suggests heterogeneity underlying pathophysiology of the condition. Furthermore, overlapping features of AAS with several other developmental disorders increase the complexity of diagnosis. Cytoskeletal signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of AAS. The FGD1 protein family has a role in activation of CDC42 (Cell Division Control protein 42 homolog) which has a core function in remodeling of extracellular matrix and the transcriptional activation of many modulators of development. Therefore, mutations in components in the EGFR1 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 1) signaling pathway, to which CDC42 belongs, may contribute to pathophysiology. Parallel sequencing strategies (so-called next generation sequencing or high throughput sequencing) enables simultaneous production of millions of sequencing reads that enormously facilitate cost-effective identification of cryptic mutations in heterogeneous monogenic disorders. Here we review the source of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in the context of AAS and discuss the applicability of next generation sequencing for identification of novel mutations underlying AAS.
- Aarskog-Scott Syndrome,
- FGD1 gene,
- genetic heterogeneity,
- phenotypic heterogeneity,
- next generation sequencing
Citation: M. Reza Jabalameli, Ignacio Briceno, Julio Martinez, Ignacio Briceno, Reuben J. Pengelly, Sarah Ennis, Andrew Collins. Aarskog-Scott syndrome: phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity[J]. AIMS Genetics, 2016, 3(1): 49-59. doi: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.49

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Abstract

Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is a rare developmental disorder which primarily affects males and has a relative prevalence of 1 in 25,000 in the general population. AAS patients usually present with developmental complications including short stature and facial, skeletal and urogenital anomalies. The spectrum of genotype-phenotype correlations in AAS is unclear and mutations of the FGD1 gene on the proximal short arm of chromosome X account for only 20% of the incidence of the disorder. Failure to identify pathogenic variants in patients referred for FGD1 screening suggests heterogeneity underlying pathophysiology of the condition. Furthermore, overlapping features of AAS with several other developmental disorders increase the complexity of diagnosis. Cytoskeletal signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of AAS. The FGD1 protein family has a role in activation of CDC42 (Cell Division Control protein 42 homolog) which has a core function in remodeling of extracellular matrix and the transcriptional activation of many modulators of development. Therefore, mutations in components in the EGFR1 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 1) signaling pathway, to which CDC42 belongs, may contribute to pathophysiology. Parallel sequencing strategies (so-called next generation sequencing or high throughput sequencing) enables simultaneous production of millions of sequencing reads that enormously facilitate cost-effective identification of cryptic mutations in heterogeneous monogenic disorders. Here we review the source of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in the context of AAS and discuss the applicability of next generation sequencing for identification of novel mutations underlying AAS.

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